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Goals:
•Anatomy of a typical cell
•Cell Membrane
•Discussion of internal
structure of a cell with
emphasis on the various
organelles




                                         Developed by
                             John Gallagher, MS, DVM
Some Terminology:
1.   Cells are the smallest living structure

2.   Cell = functional unit of the body

3.   Cytology = The Study of Cells

4.   Ultrastructural Cytology = Cytology at the Electron
     Microscopic level

5.   Histology = the study of tissues (next meeting)
Anatomy of a typical cell

1.   Cell membrane

2.   Cytoplasm
     = cytosol + organelles

3.   Organelles


•Smallest:
    •Granule cell in cerebellum: 4 μ            Fig. 2.1
    •RBC: 5-7 μ = 0.005-0.007 mm
•Largest:
    •Anterior horn cell in spinal cord: 135 μ
    •Ovum: 120 μ = 0.12 mm
•Longest:
    •Pseudounipolar cell (CNS to toe)
Anatomy of a typical cell, cont’d

_   Shapes:
     – Squamous (scale) - flat,
       capillaries, lungs
     – Cuboidal - lines ducts
     – Columnar - length > width,
       digestive tract
     – Stratified - many layers
     – Many others will be covered in
       histology (next two lectures)
Cell Membrane = phospholipid bilayer


 _   Physical isolation of the cell contents
     from the environment (interstitium)
 _   Regulation of exchange of materials
     with the environment
 _   Sensitivity to changes in the
     environment
 _   Structural support of the cell
     – Organelles, too!
Cell Membrane


Synonyms:
•plasma membrane
•plasmalemma
•axolemma
•others
Membrane Permeability

  _   Diffusion
      – Concentration Gradient of Solutes
  _   Osmosis
      – Water (solvent) through semipermeable membrane
  _   Filtration
      – Hydrostatic Pressure
          » Capillaries!
  _   Active Transport
      – Requires energy (ATP)
Endocytosis = into the cell

 _   Pinocytosis
     – Extracellular Fluid
 _   Phagocytosis
     – Solid Objects, e.g., bacteria
 _   Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
     – Special membrane proteins required
Exocytosis = out of the cell


 _   Secretory vesicles (e.g. hormones)
     – Fluid and waste removal
Cytosol vs. cytoplasm


   Cytosol = The thick fluid inside any
    cell
   Often synonymous with cytoplasm
    (protoplasm)
     Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles
   Suspends organelles
Organelles

_   Structures INSIDE a cell that have
    specific functions wrt cellular structure,
    maintenance, or metabolism
    – Membranous
        »   Nucleus
        »   Golgi apparatus
        »   Endoplasmic reticulum
        »   Mitochondria
        »   Vesicles and lysosomes
    – Nonmembranous
        » Ribosomes
        » Microtubules (cytoskeleton)
        » Actin/Myosin in muscle cells
Chapter1 intromarieb
Nucleus (= center)
_   Visible with LM
_   Membrane bound
    – Many pores
_   DNA
    – 23 Pairs of Chromosomes
       » Except gametes
_   Nucleolus
    – Most active DNA
Nucleus
Golgi Apparatus

•Packaging and shipping of
proteins (secretory granules
and transport vesicles)
•Membrane renewal
•Synthesis of Lysosomes
Exocytosis




Fig 2.17
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum

   Synthesis,
    Storage,
    transport
   Smooth ER
      Lipid synthesis
   Rough ER
      Ribosomes make
       it rough ER
      Protein synthesis
Mitochondrion / -a

•Energy Conversion for cellular
activities
    •Formation of ATP
•Double membrane
    •Glycolysis and TCA cycle
•More prevalent in active cells, e.g.,
rods and cones
•Their own genome
    •Self-replicating
Lysosomes
Ribosomes - RNA




                  60% RNA + 40% protein

                  Protein Factories

                  Fixed vs. free ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
4 major components:
1. Microfilaments (mostly actin)
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules (composed of
   tubulin subunits)

Function: support & movement of
   cellular structures & materials
Cilium – Cilia (pl.)
                       In 9+2 array

                                      Compare to
                                      microvilli
                                      and flagella
Actin/Myosin

  _   The contractile proteins in muscle cells
  _   Striations




         Skeletal muscle
Intercellular Attachments
Chapter 4, pp 74-76

     Act as:
     1. Seals betw cells
     2. Intercellular communication
     3. Added strength to resist
         separation


1.     Gap Junctions
2.     Tight Junctions
3.     Desmosomes
4.     Basement Membrane



                                      Fig 4-7
1) Gap Junctions

   Channel proteins
    (connexons) interlock and
    form pores

   Abundant in cardiac and
    smooth muscle

   Allows efficient intercellular
    communication
2) Tight Junctions

Interlocking membrane proteins

Found near surface of cells lining
  the digestive tract. Explain!

Adhesive Belt Junctions deep to
  tight junctions reinforce the seal
3) Desmosomes
Proteoglycan layer reinforced by transmembrane proteins (cell
   adhesion molecules or CAMs)

Belt, button and hemidesmosomes

Found in superficial layers
  of skin
4) Basement Membrane


_   Reticular fibers + Basal Lamina
_   Between epithelium and deeper
    connective tissue
_   Acts as a filter, and helps
    epithelial regeneration
Fig 2.19 a
Chapter1 intromarieb
Mitosis (vs. meiosis)

 _   Cell Division
     –   Interphase – Between mitosis
     –   Prophase – Chromosomes become bunched
     –   Metaphase – Chromosomes gather at equator
     –   Anaphase – Chromosomes move to poles
     –   Telophase – The two new nuclei form
     –   Cytokinesis – Actual cell separation
     –   Two new diploid cells
Mitosis
Chapter1 intromarieb
Some cells
Fat cells (adipocytes)   Cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
More cells
Neutrophil   Plasma cell
Still more cells
Columnar cells     Sperm cells (spermatozoa)
River Cullenagh, Ennistymon, Co Clare, Ireland

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Chapter1 intromarieb

  • 1. Goals: •Anatomy of a typical cell •Cell Membrane •Discussion of internal structure of a cell with emphasis on the various organelles Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM
  • 2. Some Terminology: 1. Cells are the smallest living structure 2. Cell = functional unit of the body 3. Cytology = The Study of Cells 4. Ultrastructural Cytology = Cytology at the Electron Microscopic level 5. Histology = the study of tissues (next meeting)
  • 3. Anatomy of a typical cell 1. Cell membrane 2. Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles 3. Organelles •Smallest: •Granule cell in cerebellum: 4 μ Fig. 2.1 •RBC: 5-7 μ = 0.005-0.007 mm •Largest: •Anterior horn cell in spinal cord: 135 μ •Ovum: 120 μ = 0.12 mm •Longest: •Pseudounipolar cell (CNS to toe)
  • 4. Anatomy of a typical cell, cont’d _ Shapes: – Squamous (scale) - flat, capillaries, lungs – Cuboidal - lines ducts – Columnar - length > width, digestive tract – Stratified - many layers – Many others will be covered in histology (next two lectures)
  • 5. Cell Membrane = phospholipid bilayer _ Physical isolation of the cell contents from the environment (interstitium) _ Regulation of exchange of materials with the environment _ Sensitivity to changes in the environment _ Structural support of the cell – Organelles, too!
  • 7. Membrane Permeability _ Diffusion – Concentration Gradient of Solutes _ Osmosis – Water (solvent) through semipermeable membrane _ Filtration – Hydrostatic Pressure » Capillaries! _ Active Transport – Requires energy (ATP)
  • 8. Endocytosis = into the cell _ Pinocytosis – Extracellular Fluid _ Phagocytosis – Solid Objects, e.g., bacteria _ Receptor-mediated Endocytosis – Special membrane proteins required
  • 9. Exocytosis = out of the cell _ Secretory vesicles (e.g. hormones) – Fluid and waste removal
  • 10. Cytosol vs. cytoplasm  Cytosol = The thick fluid inside any cell  Often synonymous with cytoplasm (protoplasm)  Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles  Suspends organelles
  • 11. Organelles _ Structures INSIDE a cell that have specific functions wrt cellular structure, maintenance, or metabolism – Membranous » Nucleus » Golgi apparatus » Endoplasmic reticulum » Mitochondria » Vesicles and lysosomes – Nonmembranous » Ribosomes » Microtubules (cytoskeleton) » Actin/Myosin in muscle cells
  • 13. Nucleus (= center) _ Visible with LM _ Membrane bound – Many pores _ DNA – 23 Pairs of Chromosomes » Except gametes _ Nucleolus – Most active DNA
  • 15. Golgi Apparatus •Packaging and shipping of proteins (secretory granules and transport vesicles) •Membrane renewal •Synthesis of Lysosomes
  • 18. Endoplasmic Reticulum  Synthesis, Storage, transport  Smooth ER  Lipid synthesis  Rough ER  Ribosomes make it rough ER  Protein synthesis
  • 19. Mitochondrion / -a •Energy Conversion for cellular activities •Formation of ATP •Double membrane •Glycolysis and TCA cycle •More prevalent in active cells, e.g., rods and cones •Their own genome •Self-replicating
  • 21. Ribosomes - RNA 60% RNA + 40% protein Protein Factories Fixed vs. free ribosomes
  • 22. Cytoskeleton 4 major components: 1. Microfilaments (mostly actin) 2. Intermediate filaments 3. Microtubules (composed of tubulin subunits) Function: support & movement of cellular structures & materials
  • 23. Cilium – Cilia (pl.) In 9+2 array Compare to microvilli and flagella
  • 24. Actin/Myosin _ The contractile proteins in muscle cells _ Striations Skeletal muscle
  • 25. Intercellular Attachments Chapter 4, pp 74-76 Act as: 1. Seals betw cells 2. Intercellular communication 3. Added strength to resist separation 1. Gap Junctions 2. Tight Junctions 3. Desmosomes 4. Basement Membrane Fig 4-7
  • 26. 1) Gap Junctions  Channel proteins (connexons) interlock and form pores  Abundant in cardiac and smooth muscle  Allows efficient intercellular communication
  • 27. 2) Tight Junctions Interlocking membrane proteins Found near surface of cells lining the digestive tract. Explain! Adhesive Belt Junctions deep to tight junctions reinforce the seal
  • 28. 3) Desmosomes Proteoglycan layer reinforced by transmembrane proteins (cell adhesion molecules or CAMs) Belt, button and hemidesmosomes Found in superficial layers of skin
  • 29. 4) Basement Membrane _ Reticular fibers + Basal Lamina _ Between epithelium and deeper connective tissue _ Acts as a filter, and helps epithelial regeneration
  • 32. Mitosis (vs. meiosis) _ Cell Division – Interphase – Between mitosis – Prophase – Chromosomes become bunched – Metaphase – Chromosomes gather at equator – Anaphase – Chromosomes move to poles – Telophase – The two new nuclei form – Cytokinesis – Actual cell separation – Two new diploid cells
  • 35. Some cells Fat cells (adipocytes) Cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
  • 36. More cells Neutrophil Plasma cell
  • 37. Still more cells Columnar cells Sperm cells (spermatozoa)
  • 38. River Cullenagh, Ennistymon, Co Clare, Ireland