Basic rules for citing sources, presenting tables and figures, and using heading are presented. Examples are provided.

1. How
You
Should
Cite
Sources
APA
Style

2. The American Psychological Association
(APA) developed a style to help us express
essential information of research in a
uniform and unambiguous way.

3. APA style has become a standard to reference
sources in journals, books, electronic databases,
theses/ dissertations, research reports, academic
papers, etc.

4. APA rules refer to a wide scope of elements of referencing sources, manuscript
writing, reporting inferential statistics, electronic presentation of data, and
publication process. Such amount of information has been presented in many
manuals and web pages. That makes the theme intimidating for students.
However, there are some basic rules that can be easily learned. They refer to
citing, presentation of tables and figures, and use of headings.
If you learn them, you will need help only for specific and less common cases.

5. Areas
of
Basic
Rules
to
Be
Presented
• Citation
• Tables and Figures
• Headings

6. Citation
Periodicals
1. Journal
2. Magazine
3. Newspaper
Books
1. Printed Book
2. Edited Book
3. Ebook
4. Chapter in a Book

7. Periodicals
(I)
Journal
Article
Basic format
•
Author’s
surname,
First (and
middle)
name
initial.
(Year of
publication).
Title of
article.
Title of
Journal,
Volume
number
(Issue),
Page(s).
Burik, S. (2009). Opening philosophy to the world: Derrida and education in philosophy.
Educational Theory, 59(3), 297-312.
Format tips:
• Times New Roman font
• Only journal title has the first letter of each word capitalized

8. Periodicals
(II)
Journal
Article
Journal article with digital object identifier (DOI):
•
–
–
Journal article retrieved online:
•
•
Same basic format
DOI included after the page number
–
–
–
Home page URL included after the page number
URL should be preceded by the phrase “Retrieved from http://”
No retrieval date is needed
Journal article written by more than one author:
–
–
Include surnames and initials for up to seven authors
If there are eight or more authors, include the first six authors, then write three ellipses, and add the last
author

9. Periodicals
(III)
Magazine
Article
Basic format
•
Author’s
surname,
First (and
middle)
name
initial.
(Year, month
of
publication).
Title of
article.
Title of
Magazine,
Volume
number
(Issue),
Page(s).
Shanahan, T. (2013, November). You want me to read what?. Educational Leadership,
71(3), 10-15.
Online magazine:
Follow the basic format and add “Retrieved from http://….”

10. Periodicals
(IV)
Newspaper
Article
•
Basic format
Author’s
surname,
First (and
middle)
name initial.
(Year, month and
day of
publication).
Title of
article.
Title of
Newspaper,
Page(s).
Preceded
by “p.” or
pp.”
Applebaum, B. (2013, November 21 ). Fed looks for other way to aid economy. The New
York Times, p. B1.
• If an article appears in on discontinuous pages, write all page numbers separated with a
comma
• Online newspaper: Follow the basic format and add “Retrieved from http://….”

11. Books
(I)
Printed
Book
Basic format
•
Author’s
surname,
First (and
middle)
name
initial.
(Year of
publication).
Title of
book.
City of
publication,
State
abbreviation
or country
(if relevant):
Publisher.
Sullo, B. (2007). Activating the desire to learn. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
Sommers, C. & Sommers, F. (2004). Vice & virtue in everyday life: Introductory readings
in ethics. London, UK: Thomson.

12. Books
(II)
Edited
Book
•
Basic format
Editor’s First
surname, (and
middle)
name
initial.
(Ed.).
or
(Eds.).
(Year of
publication).
Title of
book.
City of
publication.
State
abbreviation
or country:
Publisher.
Noll, J.W. (Ed.). (2011). Taking sides: Clashing views on educational issues. New York,
NY: McGraw-Hill.

13. Books
(III)
Ebook
Basic format
•
Author’s
surname,
First (and middle) name
initial.
(Year of
Title of book.
publication).
Retrieved from ….
Denscombe, M. (2010). The good research guide: For small social research projects.
Retrieved from
http://books.google.com.pa/books/about/The_Good_Research_Guide.html?
id=I6rRC0oyotkC&redir_esc=y

14. Books
(IV)
Ebook
Ebook that is only in digital format:
•
–
Ebook with digital object identifier (DOI):
•
–
Include DOI at the end of the reference
Ebook with a specific kind of edition:
•
Write “(n.d.)” instead of year of publication
–
Include the type and version of ebook before the retrieval information. For example, “[ Kindle Fire version]”

15. Books
(V)
Chapter
in
a
book
Basic format
•
Author’s
surname,
First
(and
middle)
name
initial.
(Year of
publication)
.
Title of
chapter.
In
Initial(s).
Surname
of
editor(s)
(Ed.). or
(Eds.).
Title of
book
(no
period)
(pp. x
– xx).
City, State
abbreviation:
Publisher.
Wittrock, M. (1998). Cognition and subject matter learning. In N.M. Lambert & B.L.
McCombs (Eds.). How students learn: Reforming schools through learner-centered
education (pp. 143-151). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

16. In-­‐text
Citation
Different
Ways
of
Doing
It
•
Hart (2005) pointed out “In order to review a research literature you must be able to
understand the design issues, methodological traditions and the specifics of research
itself” (p.44)
•
Hart (2005) pointed out three conditions to review a research literature.
•
Understanding of design issues, methodological traditions and the specifics of research are
essential to develop a literature review (Hart, 2005).

17. Tables
and
Figures
•
Tables and figures are used to (a) help readers understand the discussion and (b) display
results.
•
Limit their content to the essential information. Do not overuse them.
•
They should be identified using the following format: chapter number. table/figure
number. For example, table 4.1 (it means the table is the first of chapter 4). However,
your university may have different rules.
•
Refer to them using their identification number rather than expressions like “the table
above” or “the figure on page 75”.

18. Example
of
table

19. Example
of
Ligure

20. Headings
APA style suggests five levels of headings (APA, 2010, p.62):
Level
Format
1
Centered,
Boldface,
Uppercase
and
Lowercase
Heading
Instruments
to
Gather
Data
2
Flush
LeA,
Boldface,
Uppercase
and
Lowercase
Heading
Surveys
3
Indented,
boldface,
lowercase
paragraph
heading
ending
with
a
period.
Paragraph
begins
in
line
with
the
heading.
Reading
comprehension
test.
Reading
comprehension
scores
were
gathered….
4
Indented,
boldface,
italicized,
lowercase
paragraph
heading
ending
with
a
period.
Form
A
of
the
reading
comprehension
test.
5
Indented,
italicized,
lowercase
paragraph
ending
with
a
period.
Items
included
in
the
form
A
of
the
reading
comprehension
test.

21. Rules
to
Remember
•
Author’s first name should be given only with initials.
•
Titles of books and journals are italicized in the reference list, not titles of articles or chapters.
•
Only journal titles have the first letter of each word capitalized.
•
Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon.
•
State abbreviations should be after the city of publication and followed by a colon.
•
Use Times New Roman or Courier New 12 point fonts.
•
When quoting the exact words of an author (direct quotation) that are 40 words or more, write
them in a block without quotation marks. If the quotation is shorter than 40 words, use quotation
marks. In both cases, write the page number between parentheses at the end of the quotation.

22. Now
You
Know
APA
Basic
Rules
for:
Any Question?
1. Citing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Journal articles
Magazine articles
Newspaper articles
Printed books
Edited books
Ebooks
Chapter in a book
2. Using tables and figures
3. Using headings
4. Some rules to remember
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