3. Assumption: Science makes steady progress Accretion (as in narrow inductivist view): body of knowledge like a snowball rolling down a hill. Popperian view: eliminate ever more false hypotheses. Either way, assumes scientists are always engaged in the same kind of activity. PHIL 160
4. Kuhn: two distinct modes of science. Normal Science Periods of Scientific Revolution Need to understand how these modes differ from each other and how they are connected to each other. What processes move scientists from normal science to a revolution? PHIL 160
5. Key concept: Paradigms Narrow sense : a particular achievement which suggests a way to investigate the world (e.g., an experiment, a formula, etc.) Broad sense : a package of ideas and methods which make up a world view and a way of doing science PHIL 160
6. Key concept: Paradigms Paradigms are vital because they provide the framework (shared set of assumptions) for normal science. PHIL 160
12. THEORY • What kind of stuff is in the world PHIL 160
13. THEORY • What kind of stuff is in the world • How that stuff evolves over time and interacts PHIL 160
14. THEORY PARADIGM • What kind of stuff is in the world • How that stuff evolves over time and interacts PHIL 160
15. THEORY PARADIGM • Ideas about stuff • What kind of stuff is in the world • How that stuff evolves over time and interacts PHIL 160
16. THEORY PARADIGM • Ideas about stuff • What kind of stuff is in the world • Ideas about behaviors • How that stuff evolves over time and interacts PHIL 160
17. THEORY PARADIGM • Methodology • Ideas about stuff • What kind of stuff is in the world • Ideas about behaviors • How that stuff evolves over time and interacts PHIL 160
18. THEORY PARADIGM • Methodology • Interesting questions • Ideas about stuff • What kind of stuff is in the world • Ideas about behaviors • How that stuff evolves over time and interacts PHIL 160
19. THEORY PARADIGM • Methodology • Interesting questions • What counts as a good explanation • Ideas about stuff • What kind of stuff is in the world • Ideas about behaviors • How that stuff evolves over time and interacts PHIL 160
20.
21.
22.
23. PHIL 160 The Four Elements HOT WET COLD DRY FIRE AIR WATER EARTH
24. PHIL 160 AIR WATER HEAT (cold, wet) (hot, wet) HOT WET COLD DRY FIRE AIR WATER EARTH
25.
26.
27. PHIL 160 (high proportion of water) METALS Easier to change shape (like water) HOT WET COLD DRY FIRE AIR WATER EARTH
28. PHIL 160 Easier to change shape (like water) (high proportion of water) METALS STONES (high proportion of earth) More likely to crumble than change shape (like earth) HOT WET COLD DRY FIRE AIR WATER EARTH