SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 21
Migrando a Windows 7 David Nudelman Microsoft Windows MVP – IT ProSpringboard Series Technical Expert Panel Microsoft Learning IT Manager Advisory CouncilSenior Consultant – Ultima Business Solutions MCSE, MCITP, MCTS: Windows 7, Exchange 2007
Sprigboard Series Tour
David Nudelman
The Desktop Challenge
Desktop Hardware Direct Access Branch Cache Enterprise Search 32Bit vs. 64Bit Federated Search BitLocker Location Awareness AppLocker Mobility Input Diversity Multi Lingual GPOs and GPP EndPoint Security IE8
Windows 7 - Adopción
Si aunutilizasalgunasde estastecnologias…Se agotatutiempo, eshora de actualizarse XP Sector Based Imaging 7
La muertede XP
Capas de la infraestructura
Metodos de implementacion Automation Level Organization Size and Skill
Estrategias de imagen Imagendelgada Characteristics Windows 7 installed from Volume License media with almost zero customization. Sysprep and ImageX is then used to capture the image. Applications are packaged for unattended installation, or are pre-staged for users to install when they want. Alternatively, applications can be delivered via  Application Virtualization (App-V) Imagengorda Characteristics Build a reference machine and install all possible applications to ensure users have all they could ever need.  Apply software updates for the operating system and then use Sysprepand ImageX to capture the image. ImagenHibrida Characteristics Applications that everyone uses or needs are captured in the base image (e.g. Adobe Acrobat Reader, Office and the App-V client).  Additional applications are layered on at the time of deployment or on demand based on user req’s.
DEMO Despliegue de Windows 7 y Microsoft Office 2010 usando MDT
Herramientas Gratis MAP – Planear la migracion Compatibilidad ACT Office 2010  OEAT Office CustomizationTool Despliegue: MDT WDS
App Compat – Office Environment Assessment ToolIdentifying the add-ins & interfacing applications
Office Migration Planning Manager (OMPM)Evaluate, identify, & migrate Office files for OpenXML migration
Office Customization ToolBuild deployment packages to fit business requirements
Group PolicyPoliticas de grupopara Windows 7, Office 2010 y Internet Explorer
Files User Accounts Application Settings How Hard-Link Migration works?...index files, create links to each, map links to the right spots Index of Hard-Links - files don’t move Files User Accounts Application Settings
Windows Server 2008 R2 + KMS = Office 2010, Windows XP, Vista and 7 Activation What it provides: Better license management Visibility of activations Consistent activation approach for Windows and Office NOT monitored by Microsoft What it requires: Plan for your activation method  Key Management Service (KMS) Multiple Activation Key (MAK)
USMT y Easy Transfer Backup de la información y datos de usuarios en la red o dispositivoexterno Recuperacion de los datosdespues de la instalación de Windows 7.
David Nudelman Blog – http://geeks.ms/blogs/dnudelman E-mail: david@itpro.es Twitter: @dnudelman SecondNug – www.secondnug.com

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Destaque (7)

open office
open officeopen office
open office
 
Windows 7 For Developers
Windows 7 For DevelopersWindows 7 For Developers
Windows 7 For Developers
 
Why Internet Explorer 9 is awesome for the enterprise
Why Internet Explorer 9 is awesome for the enterprise Why Internet Explorer 9 is awesome for the enterprise
Why Internet Explorer 9 is awesome for the enterprise
 
UE-V Cloud Day UK 2013
UE-V Cloud Day UK 2013UE-V Cloud Day UK 2013
UE-V Cloud Day UK 2013
 
MVP Open day- 2014 adopting new technologies
MVP Open day- 2014 adopting new technologiesMVP Open day- 2014 adopting new technologies
MVP Open day- 2014 adopting new technologies
 
Понятный русский язык
Понятный русский языкПонятный русский язык
Понятный русский язык
 
Asi dostov-2015
Asi dostov-2015Asi dostov-2015
Asi dostov-2015
 

Semelhante a Springboard Series Spain 2011 - David Nudelman - Migrando a Windows 7

Alphabet soup deployment
Alphabet soup deploymentAlphabet soup deployment
Alphabet soup deployment
Stephen Rose
 
Matthew H Adams Resume
Matthew H Adams ResumeMatthew H Adams Resume
Matthew H Adams Resume
mattiemobile
 
Windows 7 for IT Professionals
Windows 7 for IT ProfessionalsWindows 7 for IT Professionals
Windows 7 for IT Professionals
Rishu Mehra
 
Vmware evaluate-windows-migration-tools-whitepaper
Vmware evaluate-windows-migration-tools-whitepaperVmware evaluate-windows-migration-tools-whitepaper
Vmware evaluate-windows-migration-tools-whitepaper
Animesh Dixit
 
Bus Tour Windows 7 Deck (Full)
Bus Tour   Windows 7 Deck (Full)Bus Tour   Windows 7 Deck (Full)
Bus Tour Windows 7 Deck (Full)
Stephen L Rose
 

Semelhante a Springboard Series Spain 2011 - David Nudelman - Migrando a Windows 7 (20)

Gajendra kumar
Gajendra kumar Gajendra kumar
Gajendra kumar
 
XP to Windows 7 with MDT
XP to Windows 7 with MDTXP to Windows 7 with MDT
XP to Windows 7 with MDT
 
Alphabet soup deployment
Alphabet soup deploymentAlphabet soup deployment
Alphabet soup deployment
 
Deploying An Optimized Desktop - XP to 7 With P2V
Deploying An Optimized Desktop - XP to 7 With P2VDeploying An Optimized Desktop - XP to 7 With P2V
Deploying An Optimized Desktop - XP to 7 With P2V
 
Windows 7
Windows 7Windows 7
Windows 7
 
Matthew H Adams Resume
Matthew H Adams ResumeMatthew H Adams Resume
Matthew H Adams Resume
 
Windows 7 for IT Professionals
Windows 7 for IT ProfessionalsWindows 7 for IT Professionals
Windows 7 for IT Professionals
 
Vmware evaluate-windows-migration-tools-whitepaper
Vmware evaluate-windows-migration-tools-whitepaperVmware evaluate-windows-migration-tools-whitepaper
Vmware evaluate-windows-migration-tools-whitepaper
 
Windows 7 Feature Overview It Academic Day 2009
Windows 7 Feature Overview   It Academic Day 2009Windows 7 Feature Overview   It Academic Day 2009
Windows 7 Feature Overview It Academic Day 2009
 
Windows 7 Streamlining Deployment
Windows 7 Streamlining DeploymentWindows 7 Streamlining Deployment
Windows 7 Streamlining Deployment
 
Bus Tour Windows 7 Deck (Full)
Bus Tour   Windows 7 Deck (Full)Bus Tour   Windows 7 Deck (Full)
Bus Tour Windows 7 Deck (Full)
 
MDOP 2011
MDOP 2011MDOP 2011
MDOP 2011
 
Integra Micro Software Services (P) Ltd. - Imaging Expertise
Integra Micro Software Services (P) Ltd. - Imaging ExpertiseIntegra Micro Software Services (P) Ltd. - Imaging Expertise
Integra Micro Software Services (P) Ltd. - Imaging Expertise
 
Guide To Windows 7 - Introduction to Windows 7
Guide To Windows 7 - Introduction to Windows 7Guide To Windows 7 - Introduction to Windows 7
Guide To Windows 7 - Introduction to Windows 7
 
Windows 7 Deployment Enhancements
Windows 7 Deployment EnhancementsWindows 7 Deployment Enhancements
Windows 7 Deployment Enhancements
 
desktop os windows7
desktop os windows7desktop os windows7
desktop os windows7
 
2016 resume
2016 resume2016 resume
2016 resume
 
Resume
ResumeResume
Resume
 
Mihai_Nuta
Mihai_NutaMihai_Nuta
Mihai_Nuta
 
Windows 7 Optimized Desktop
Windows 7 Optimized DesktopWindows 7 Optimized Desktop
Windows 7 Optimized Desktop
 

Último

Último (20)

TrustArc Webinar - Unlock the Power of AI-Driven Data Discovery
TrustArc Webinar - Unlock the Power of AI-Driven Data DiscoveryTrustArc Webinar - Unlock the Power of AI-Driven Data Discovery
TrustArc Webinar - Unlock the Power of AI-Driven Data Discovery
 
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
 
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : UncertaintyArtificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
 
Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024
Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024
Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024
 
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot TakeoffStrategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
 
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of TerraformAWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
 
Repurposing LNG terminals for Hydrogen Ammonia: Feasibility and Cost Saving
Repurposing LNG terminals for Hydrogen Ammonia: Feasibility and Cost SavingRepurposing LNG terminals for Hydrogen Ammonia: Feasibility and Cost Saving
Repurposing LNG terminals for Hydrogen Ammonia: Feasibility and Cost Saving
 
Real Time Object Detection Using Open CV
Real Time Object Detection Using Open CVReal Time Object Detection Using Open CV
Real Time Object Detection Using Open CV
 
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps ScriptAutomating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
 
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectorsMS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
 
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
 
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone ProcessorsExploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
 
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptx
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptxCorporate and higher education May webinar.pptx
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptx
 
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
Mastering MySQL Database Architecture: Deep Dive into MySQL Shell and MySQL R...
 
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Building Digital Trust in a Digital Economy by Veron...
 
"I see eyes in my soup": How Delivery Hero implemented the safety system for ...
"I see eyes in my soup": How Delivery Hero implemented the safety system for ..."I see eyes in my soup": How Delivery Hero implemented the safety system for ...
"I see eyes in my soup": How Delivery Hero implemented the safety system for ...
 
presentation ICT roal in 21st century education
presentation ICT roal in 21st century educationpresentation ICT roal in 21st century education
presentation ICT roal in 21st century education
 
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
 
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, AdobeApidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
 
ProductAnonymous-April2024-WinProductDiscovery-MelissaKlemke
ProductAnonymous-April2024-WinProductDiscovery-MelissaKlemkeProductAnonymous-April2024-WinProductDiscovery-MelissaKlemke
ProductAnonymous-April2024-WinProductDiscovery-MelissaKlemke
 

Springboard Series Spain 2011 - David Nudelman - Migrando a Windows 7

  • 1. Migrando a Windows 7 David Nudelman Microsoft Windows MVP – IT ProSpringboard Series Technical Expert Panel Microsoft Learning IT Manager Advisory CouncilSenior Consultant – Ultima Business Solutions MCSE, MCITP, MCTS: Windows 7, Exchange 2007
  • 5. Desktop Hardware Direct Access Branch Cache Enterprise Search 32Bit vs. 64Bit Federated Search BitLocker Location Awareness AppLocker Mobility Input Diversity Multi Lingual GPOs and GPP EndPoint Security IE8
  • 6. Windows 7 - Adopción
  • 7. Si aunutilizasalgunasde estastecnologias…Se agotatutiempo, eshora de actualizarse XP Sector Based Imaging 7
  • 9. Capas de la infraestructura
  • 10. Metodos de implementacion Automation Level Organization Size and Skill
  • 11. Estrategias de imagen Imagendelgada Characteristics Windows 7 installed from Volume License media with almost zero customization. Sysprep and ImageX is then used to capture the image. Applications are packaged for unattended installation, or are pre-staged for users to install when they want. Alternatively, applications can be delivered via Application Virtualization (App-V) Imagengorda Characteristics Build a reference machine and install all possible applications to ensure users have all they could ever need. Apply software updates for the operating system and then use Sysprepand ImageX to capture the image. ImagenHibrida Characteristics Applications that everyone uses or needs are captured in the base image (e.g. Adobe Acrobat Reader, Office and the App-V client). Additional applications are layered on at the time of deployment or on demand based on user req’s.
  • 12. DEMO Despliegue de Windows 7 y Microsoft Office 2010 usando MDT
  • 13. Herramientas Gratis MAP – Planear la migracion Compatibilidad ACT Office 2010 OEAT Office CustomizationTool Despliegue: MDT WDS
  • 14. App Compat – Office Environment Assessment ToolIdentifying the add-ins & interfacing applications
  • 15. Office Migration Planning Manager (OMPM)Evaluate, identify, & migrate Office files for OpenXML migration
  • 16. Office Customization ToolBuild deployment packages to fit business requirements
  • 17. Group PolicyPoliticas de grupopara Windows 7, Office 2010 y Internet Explorer
  • 18. Files User Accounts Application Settings How Hard-Link Migration works?...index files, create links to each, map links to the right spots Index of Hard-Links - files don’t move Files User Accounts Application Settings
  • 19. Windows Server 2008 R2 + KMS = Office 2010, Windows XP, Vista and 7 Activation What it provides: Better license management Visibility of activations Consistent activation approach for Windows and Office NOT monitored by Microsoft What it requires: Plan for your activation method Key Management Service (KMS) Multiple Activation Key (MAK)
  • 20. USMT y Easy Transfer Backup de la información y datos de usuarios en la red o dispositivoexterno Recuperacion de los datosdespues de la instalación de Windows 7.
  • 21. David Nudelman Blog – http://geeks.ms/blogs/dnudelman E-mail: david@itpro.es Twitter: @dnudelman SecondNug – www.secondnug.com
  • 22. Twitter #STEP2011 David Nudelman @dnudelman Dani Alonso @_DaniAlonso Fernando Guillot @fggimeno Paulo Dias @ratocego @TechNet_es

Notas do Editor

  1. Key Message: An overview of the Application Compatibility Tool and the ACM. The following is detailed info regarding the usage, options, and new features within the ACT and ACM.The Application Compatibility Manager (ACM) is a tool that enables you to configure, to collect, and to analyze your data, so that you can fix any issues prior to deploying a new operating system in your organization. When you configure the ACT using it’s wizard, the ACM automatically starts. Detailed info on ACM can be referenced at http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc766464.aspx.You can use the ACT features to:Verify your application's, device's, and computer's compatibility with a new version of the Windows operating system, including determining your risk assessmentVerify a Windows update's compatibility, including determining your risk assessmentBecome involved in the ACT Community, including sharing your risk assessment with other ACT usersUse the provided developer and test tools to test your Web applications and Web sites for compatibility with new releases and security updates to Internet Explorer®, to determine potential compatibility issues due to the User Account Control (UAC) feature, to create compatibility fixes for your application compatibility issues, and to determine any potential application installation and setup issuesWhat’s New in ACT 5.5:Updated issue detection and supported operating systemsIntegration of data from the Windows Vista Compatibility CenterAbility to audit your application data and to selectively synchronize your applications with MicrosoftUpdated documentation for the Windows compatibility fixesAbility to customize your Quick Reports viewAbility to label your individual data-collection packagesRemoval of the Internet ExplorerCompatibility Evaluator (IECE)Ability to participate in the Customer Experience ProgramCompatibility EvaluatorsThe Application Compatibility Toolkit (ACT) includes several compatibility evaluators that can be deployed as part of a data-collection package to collect information from your client computers including:Inventory CollectorUser Account Control Compatibility Evaluator (UACCE)Windows Compatibility Evaluator (WCE)Update Compatibility Evaluator (UCE)Detailed info on each of these can be found at…http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd638366.aspxTiming: Prepare for this discussion using the info above. This is a full-featured, in-depth tool and timing can run long unless an abbreviated subset of data is discussed. If the audience is particularly interested in this topic there is a large amount of info here, however a complete breakdown of the toolkit can be found at… *http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc722055.aspx
  2. The Office Migration Planning Manager (OMPM) is a resource provided by Microsoft to help customers and partners size up potential file migration issues.This slide is offered to provide a snapshot of what OMPM provides – the tools drill down module provides additional details this tool and how it can be leveraged.OMPM is a collection of tools that enables you to prepare your environment for migration to the 2010 Microsoft Office system. OMPM checks for, and reports on, file properties to help you analyze your environment and determine any issues that you might experience converting from Office 97-Office 2003 file formats to the new 2010 Office system file format. OMPM includes the following features: OMPM focuses primarily on converting old files to the new file formats. When OMPM shows an error or highlights a warning on a file; That does not mean the file will not open in the 2010 Office system (almost all older files can open in compatibility mode). It only means that saving it into the new Open XML format might cause problems. OMPM has 4 components discussed in more detail below: 1. Scanner 2. Database 3. Reporting Tools Seehttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc179179.aspx for additional information (Note only the Office 2007 is available until near Office 2010 RTM – this version can be used to begin assessments)
  3. The Office Migration Planning Manager (OMPM) is a resource provided by Microsoft to help customers and partners size up potential file migration issues.This slide is offered to provide a snapshot of what OMPM provides – the tools drill down module provides additional details this tool and how it can be leveraged.OMPM is a collection of tools that enables you to prepare your environment for migration to the 2010 Microsoft Office system. OMPM checks for, and reports on, file properties to help you analyze your environment and determine any issues that you might experience converting from Office 97-Office 2003 file formats to the new 2010 Office system file format. OMPM includes the following features: OMPM focuses primarily on converting old files to the new file formats. When OMPM shows an error or highlights a warning on a file; That does not mean the file will not open in the 2010 Office system (almost all older files can open in compatibility mode). It only means that saving it into the new Open XML format might cause problems. OMPM has 4 components discussed in more detail below: 1. Scanner 2. Database 3. Reporting Tools Seehttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc179179.aspx for additional information (Note only the Office 2007 is available until near Office 2010 RTM – this version can be used to begin assessments)
  4. The Office Customization Tool (OCT) is used to create patches that customize the Office 2010 installation. The OCT patches are slipstreamed in at the install time, or can be applied post install for maintenance of existing installations: * Using the Office Customization Tool (OCT) * Using the Config.xml file as an override feature * Setting up command-line options * Enabling group policies Using the OCT to configure user settings establishes the initial default values for the settings. Users can modify most of the settings after Office is installed. You can use the OCT to provide default user settings for the following Office applications: * Microsoft Office Access 2010 * Microsoft Office Outlook 2010Printing Assistant * Microsoft Office Excel 2010 * Microsoft Office Groove 2010 * Microsoft Office InterConnect 2010 * Microsoft Office InfoPath 2010 * Microsoft Office 2010 system * Microsoft Office OneNote 2010 * Microsoft Office Outlook 2010 * Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2010 * Microsoft Office Project 2010 * Microsoft Office Publisher 2010 * Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer 2010 * Microsoft Office Visio 2010 * Microsoft Office Word 2010
  5. Group Policy Admin templatesBy setting policies, you can define and maintain a particular Office 2010 configuration on users' computers. Unlike other customizations, such as default settings that are distributed in a transform (also known as an .mst file), policies are reapplied every time that a user logs on to the network. Alternatively, policies can be reapplied at some other interval that is set by the administrator. Users cannot edit the registry to change the policies. You can set policies that apply to the local computer (and to every user of that computer), or you can set policies that apply only to individual users. You set per-computer policies under Computer Configuration in the Group Policy snap-in. Per-computer policies are applied the first time that any user logs on to the network from that computer. You set per-user policies under User Configuration in the Group Policy snap-in. Per-user policies are applied when the specified user logs on to the network from any computer. To use an Office 2010 policy template, you must load the template in the Group Policy Microsoft Management Console snap-in.
  6. Office Activation TechnologiesOffice Activation Technologies provide methods for activating products licensed under Microsoft Volume Licensing programs. Most Office Volume Licensing customers are familiar with Volume License Keys (VLKs) that were issued under a specific license agreement. This key effectively "bypassed" activation. For Office 2010, Office Activation Technologies help automate and manage the activation process while addressing the piracy and product key management problems that arose with keys issued for Office Enterprise 2007. You can use the following methods to activate Office 2010 by using Office Activation Technologies, which are the same methods used for Windows Vista and later versions of Windows.Key Management Service (KMS). KMS uses a KMS host key to activate a KMS host computer and establish a local activation service in your environment. Office 2010 connects to the local KMS host for activation.Multiple Activation Key (MAK). With a MAK, clients activate Office 2010 online with Microsoft’s hosted activation servers or by telephone.A combination of KMS and MAK.KMS enables organizations to perform local activations for computers in a managed environment without each PC connecting to Microsoft individuallyThis Product Key allows multiple activations against the Clearing House or via a Proxy Activation Server. It is useful where customers do not want or require a Key Management Service In 2007 activation was only required for Retail and OEM.Now, ALL editions must be activated (physical and virtual)Privacy is of utmost importance. Data that is sent during activation is NOT traceable back to the computer or user. It is used to confirm you have a legally licensed copy of the software then aggregated for statistical analysis. It is NOT used to identify or contact you.Office Activation Technologies provide methods for activating products licensed under Microsoft Volume Licensing programs. Most Office Volume Licensing customers are familiar with Volume License Keys (VLKs) that were issued under a specific license agreement. This key effectively "bypassed" activation. For Office ”14”, Office Activation Technologies help automate and manage the activation process while addressing the piracy and product key management problems that arose with keys issued for Microsoft Office Enterprise Key Management ServiceA solution where an organization installs a Key Management Service onto their server infrastructure. The KMS is authenticated against the Microsoft Clearing House once. Special KMS Licenses are included in SKUs that support KMS which cause the Client (or Server) product to activate against the KMS instead of the Clearing House. Each product must re-activate against the KMS after a set period to ensure the product is still being used in the same licensed environment. Multi Activation Product KeyThis Product Key allows multiple activations against the Clearing House or via a Proxy Activation Server. It is useful where customers do not want or require a Key Management Service. The customer purchases one MAK Product Key per agreement. The number of activations per MAK can be increased during the life of the agreement up to a set limit. The process of increasing the MAK activation count is managed by OSIT and is outside the scope of this Spec.