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Prefixes,suffixes and prepositions
1. Prefixes
A. Negative Prefixes
Being isolated, the prefixes (dis-, de-, il-, ir-, un-, im-and-in) are meaningless.
But they convey a sense of negation when added to appropriate words. Please,
consider the following examples.
Examples:
similar → dissimilar
forestation → deforestation
logical → illogical
responsibility → irresponsibility
familiar → unfamiliar
precise → imprecise
accurate → inaccurate
Practice:
1. Divide the following words into affixes and roots.
decentralization, illegality, irreparably, depopulation, disapproval, irrationality,
unable, immaturity, disharmony, unaffected, dissimilarity, deformed,
uncomfortable, immeasurable, inadequately.
2. Split the following words into affixes and roots.
decode, illegible, irreconcilable, deregulation, unacceptable, disarm,
irreplaceable, disloyal, immobility, disassociate, unaccompanied, degenerate,
immodest, inadvisable.
3. Divide the following words into affixes and roots.
disappearance, decolonization, illegitimacy, irrecoverable, disapprove,
desegregate, disingenuous, unaccustomed, irrepressible, disunity, degradation,
unaccountable, immorality, unclassified, inattentive.
2. 4. Divide the following words into affixes and roots.
unable, decompose, unacknowledged, disintegrate, illiberal, deselection,
disarrange, irredeemable, disequilibrium, unachievable, dehumanize,
irreproachable, unchallengeable, immortality, incomparable.
5. Divide the following words into affixes and roots.
disadvantage, decompression, disband, irresolution, unacquainted, dishonest,
devaluation, unadventurous, displeasure, irreducible, disused, demilitarize,
uncertainty, immovable, incomprehension.
Keys:
1.
word prefix Root suffix
decentralization de- central -ize, -ation.
illegality il- legal -ity
irreparably ir- repair -able, -ly.
depopulation de- populate -ion
disapproval dis- approve -al
irrationality ir- ration -al, -ity.
unable un- able
immaturity im- mature -ity
disharmony dis- harmony
unaffected un- affect -ed
dissimilarity dis- similar -ity
deformed de- form -ed
uncomfortable un- comfort -able
immeasurable im- measure -able
inadequately in- adequate -ly
2.
word prefix Root suffix
decode de- code
illegible il- legible
irreconcilable ir- reconcile -able
5. Suffixes
A. Suffixes and Verbs
The addition of the suffix –en to a number of adjectives results in the
formation of their corresponding verbs. The suffix –en has no meaning
alone and requires being attached to suitable adjectives to get verbs.
Adjective + Suffix (–en) → Verb
Examples:
short + (-en) → shorten (V)
wide + (-en )→ widen (V)
Practice:
Turn the following adjectives into verbs by adding the appropriate
suffix.
sad, awaken, deep, dark, short, soft, rough, bright, tight, sharp, white,
red, worse, quiet, hard.
Key:
adjective suffix verb
sad sadden
awake awaken
deep deepen
dark darken
short shorten
soft soften
rough roughen
bright -en brighten
tight tighten
sharp sharpen
white whiten
red redden
worse worsen
6. quiet quieten
hard harden
B. Suffixes and Nouns
A large number of nouns can be formed by adding particular suffixes to
either verbs or adjectives.
V + Suffix (-ion, -tion, ition, -ation,-sion, -xion, -ment, -ing, -er, -or) → Noun
Examples:
administrate→ administration
deduce→ deduction
interpret→interpretation
→ition
decide→ decision
connect→connexion(or connection)
achieve→ achievement
come→ coming
speak →speaker
act →actor
Adjective + Suffix (-ity, -ety, -ty, -ness) → Noun
Examples:
sensitive →sensitivity
proper →propriety
honest→ honesty
helpful →helpfulness
7. Noun+ Suffix (-er, -ist) → Noun
Examples:
astronomy→ astronomer
cartoon → cartoonist
science→ scientist
Practice:
1. Turn the following verbs into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix.
arbitrate, arrange, assess, attack, attend, bake, begin, argue, assort, attach,
call, campaign, counsel, counterfeit,
2. Turn the following verbs into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix.
evade, express, collect, imitate, interpret, contaminate, reduce, educate,
converse, select, attract, innovate, construct.
3. Turn the following adjectives into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix.
sad, infirm, uniform, real, jealous, human, popular, electric, complex, fertile,
feminine, happy, severe, passive, anxious, curious.
4. Turn the following adjectives into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix.
flexible, profitable, necessary, hospitable, stupid, moral, legal, responsible,
probable, safe, personal, physical, able.
9. construct -ion construction
3.
adjective suffix noun
Infirm -ity Infirmity
sad -ness sadness
uniform -ity uniformity
real -ity reality
jealous -y jealousy
human -ity humanity
popular -ity popularity
electric -ity electricity
complex -ity complexity
fertile -ity fertility
feminine -ity femininity
happy -ness happiness
severe -ity severity
passive -ity passivity
anxious -ety anxiety
curious -ity curiosity
4.
adjective suffix noun
flexible -ity flexibility
profitable -ity profitability
necessary -ity necessity
hospitable -ity hospitability
stupid -ity stupidity
moral -ity morality
legal -ity legality
responsible -ity responsibility
probable -ity probability
safe -ty safety
personal -ity personality
physical -ity physicality
able -ity ability
10. B. Suffixes and Adjectives
Adjectives can be formed with the addition of specific suffixes to verbs as well
as to nouns. Please consider the coming patterns.
Verb + Suffix (-ed, -ible, -able…) → Adjective
Examples:
want →wanted
reproduce→reproducible
drink→drinkable
Noun + Suffix (-ic, -full, -ous, -less, -al, -y…) → Adjective
Examples:
atmosphere→ atmospheric
wonder → wonderful
courage→ courageous
motion → motionless
education→ educational
smoke→ smoky
Practice:
1. Turn the following verbs into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix.
break, cover, print, rely, eat, access, crack, justify, count, present, deliver,
challenge.
2. Turn the following verbs into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix.
realize, note, move, like, predict, remedy, observe, comfort, discuss, change.
3. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix.
11. care, atom, drama, change, caprice, strategy, sympathy, beauty, politics,
climate, job, economy, magic, mathematics, romance.
4. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix.
danger, alcohol, home, syntax, grammar, regard, help, comedy, criticism,
count, charisma, practice, courage, rhythm, therapy.
5. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix.
guilt, blood, bog, mint, booze, cloud, bounce, breath, wood, breeze, brine,
brood, milk, bubble, bulk, bush, carrot, count, rain, craft, crag, craze, creak.
6. Turn the following nouns into adjectives by adding the appropriate suffix.
ease, chalk, risk, smoke, fun, fur, fuss, fuzz, need, fruit, wealth, health, grease,
film, flake, flesh, flint, streak, mess, spike.
Keys:
1.
verb suffix adjective
break breakable/broken
cover covered
print printable/printed
rely reliable
eat eatable/eaten
access accessible
justify justifiable/justified
crack cracked
count -able/-ible/-ed countable/counted
present presentable/presented
deliver deliverable/delivered
challenge challenged/challenging
2.
14. craft crafty
crag craggy
craze crazy
creak creaky
6.
noun suffix adjective
ease easy
chalk chalky
risk risky
smoke smoky
fun funny
fur furry
fuss fussy
fuzz fuzzy
need needy
fruit -y fruity
wealth wealthy
health healthy
grease greasy
film filmy
flake flaky
flesh fleshy
flint flinty
streak streaky
mess messy
spike spiky
Prepositions
A. Verb + Preposion
Examples:
believe + in → believe in
complain + about → complain about
15. boast + of → boast of
Practice:
1. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that
you get meaningful sentences.
A B C
- Some people still rely -the building of pyramids.
- Aristotle and other philosophers -the ancient Mesopotamians.
worked into -observing plants and animals
- Archaeologists divided Egypt’s from and organizing them into
history on different types.
-The pharaohs put all the resources into -horses to travel long distances.
- The idea of dividing an hour into 60 -six different time periods.
minutes and a minute into 60
seconds came
2. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that
you get meaningful sentences.
A B C
-The Egyptians worked - the Babylonian or Semitic stock.
- In Sumerian times, even kings had like -carpets and hangings for
to ask the Assembly for decoration.
-The Phoenicians were a great race on - any one built before.
which descended to -some new ideas in the 1000’s
- Indian advances in iron-working from and 1100’s AD.
led out -ways good ways to move water
-because ancient Arabs were from the Nile to outlying farms in
nomadic, they had relied the desert.
-The famous mosque at Samarta did -permission to do certain things.
not look
3. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that
you get meaningful sentences.
A B C
-Embezzling is the act of taking
money that has been placed in -regional laws and restrictions.
your trust but belongs from -gifts offered in genuine good will?
-What distinguishes bribes on -another person.
16. -The punishment for bribery at -the process of concealing financial
depends to transactions.
-Money laundering refers -some common examples.
- The best way to understand
the concept of money
laundering is to look
4. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that
you get meaningful sentences.
A B C
-All citizens suffer
-Tax evasion prevents the
government -counterfeiting.
-When these funds are not for -their school timings.
collected, services have to be with -collecting funds.
curtailed and thus result in -a lower quality of life for all citizens.
-Most mints around the world from -tax evasion.
use a number of safety system
to protect their currency
-Children can take up light
summer jobs that do not
interfere
5. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that
you get meaningful sentences.
A B C
-The evolution of culture, and - their children the expectation that
human beings as a species they will perform better than the
depended about pupils believe they are capable of.
-Pupils will write with -the creation of examination stress.
-Both the school and the family to -that experienced by high powered
17. can contribute on businessmen.
-Experts compared this stress - the Algerian Revolution and its
-One thing parents should aftermath.
avoid is to impose -the practice of transmitting
knowledge.
Keys:
1.
- Some people still rely on horses to travel long distances.
- Aristotle and other philosophers worked on observing plants and animals and
organizing them into different types.
- Archaeologists divided Egypt’s history into six different time periods.
-The pharaohs put all the resources into the building of pyramids.
- The idea of dividing an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60 seconds
came from the ancient Mesopotamians.
2.
-The Egyptians worked out ways good ways to move water from the Nile to
outlying farms in the desert.
- In Sumerian times, even kings had to ask the Assembly for permission to do
certain things.
-The Phoenicians were a great race which descended from the Babylonian or
Semitic stock.
- Indian advances in iron-working led to some new ideas in the 1000’s and
1100’s AD.
-Because ancient Arabs were nomadic, they had relied on carpets and hangings
for decoration.
-The famous mosque at Samarta did not look like any one built before.
3.
-Embezzling is the act of taking money that has been placed in your trust but
belongs to another person.
18. -What distinguishes bribes from gifts offered in genuine good will?
-The punishment for bribery depends on regional laws and restrictions.
-Money laundering refers to the process of concealing financial transactions.
- The best way to understand the concept of money laundering is to look at
some common examples.
4.
-All citizens suffer from tax evasion.
-Tax evasion prevents the government from collecting funds.
-When these funds are not collected, services have to be curtailed and thus
result in a lower quality of life for all citizens.
-Most mints around the world use a number of safety system to protect their
currency from
-Children can take up light summer jobs that do not interfere with their school
timings.
5.
-The evolution of culture, and human beings as a species depended on the
practice of transmitting knowledge.
-Pupils will write about the Algerian Revolution and its aftermath.
-Both the school and the family can contribute to the creation of examination
stress.
-Experts compared this stress with that experienced by high powered
businessmen.
-One thing parents should avoid is to impose on their children the expectation
that they will perform better than the pupils believe they are capable of.
19. B. Adjective + Preposition
Examples:
aware + of → aware of
interested + in → interested in
Practice:
1. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that
you get meaningful sentences.
A B C
- Closer contacts among
neighbours, friends and families
had to be beneficial
-The Greeks were very in -science as a way of organizing the
interested on world and making order out of chaos.
-The ancient Sumerians of - the pharaoh and their country.
invented a system of at - communal harmony.
mathematics based for -astronomy.
- The Babylonians were very - the number of 60.
good
-The ancient Egyptians grew
very proud
2. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that
you get meaningful sentences.
A B C
-Ancient Egyptian scientists -finding the patterns and rules in
were extremely good in mathematics and music.
- Pythagoras was interested from -studying science.
-The Nile was so important at - those of the Egyptians.
-Greek women usually were of - observing nature and practical
thought to be incapable engineering.
- The Greeks had developed -Egyptian farming.
building styles different
20. 3. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that
you get meaningful sentences.
A B C
-The Phoenicians were earth’s
first-known sailors and
explorers who were always
eager -Arabic and Persian models.
-The arrival of Islamic -inventing the numeral zero and the
conquerors about 1000 AD from decimal system.
brought to India iconoclasm for -is their architecture.
and a love of varied and to -Islam.
complex patterning derived -adventure.
- This affected even Hindus
artists who had not converted
-Indian mathematicians may
have been responsible
-One of the things the Romans
are famous
4. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that
you get meaningful sentences.
A B C
-Arabic scholars were able to
read the books of Greek -creative accounting
philosophers Plato and to -other fields.
Aristotle and translated them from -the ones built by the Greeks.
-Because architects who lived like -Arabic.
in Baghdad adopted Sassanian into
architectural traditions, their
buildings looked very different
-The term “window dressing”
is similar
-However, this term is broader
and can be applied
21. 5. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that
you get meaningful sentences.
A B C
-According to the World Bank, -corruption reduction.
economic development is -the operation of essential services to
closely linked the population.
-Particularly in countries which on -an error on calculating taxes on
are based of reported income should contact the
-The collected funds are used for tax agency.
-Persons who become aware to -tax evasion, and allow the matter to
-This will help to minimize the be settled before interest charges
chances of being suspected become significant.
-egalitarian ideals, bribery is often
viewed immensely offensive.
6. Match parts from column A with parts from both columns B and C so that
you get meaningful sentences.
A B C
-Most modern counterfeiting is - forthcoming examinations, it is
focused almost certain that the same fear will
-Someone who is convicted of be passed on to the pupil him/herself.
-Teachers who are specialized for -counterfeiting will spend at least a
-Education as a science cannot about decade in prison.
be separated in -competitive situations.
-Parents should be concerned from -astrophysics, law or zoology, for
-If a pupil senses that his or her on example, may teach only a certain
parents are worried subject.
-Regular and consistent -their offsprings’ career prospects.
support is important to young -the educational traditions that
people involved existed before.
-paper money, because it has a higher
face value.
22. Keys:
1.
- Closer contacts among neighbours, friends and families had to be beneficial
for communal harmony.
-The Greeks were very interested in science as a way of organizing the world
and making order out of chaos.
-The ancient Sumerians invented a system of mathematics based on the
number of 60.
- The Babylonians were very good at astronomy.
-The ancient Egyptians grew very proud of the pharaoh and their country.
2.
-Ancient Egyptian scientists were extremely good at observing nature and
practical engineering.
- Pythagoras was interested in finding the patterns and rules in mathematics
and music.
-The Nile was so important to Egyptian farming.
-Greek women usually were thought to be incapable of studying science.
- The Greeks had developed building styles different from those of the
Egyptians.
3.
-The Phoenicians were earth’s first-known sailors and explorers who were
always eager for adventure.
-The arrival of Islamic conquerors about 1000 AD brought to India iconoclasm
and a love of varied and complex patterning derived from Arabic and Persian
models.
- This affected even Hindus artists who had not converted to Islam.
-Indian mathematicians may have been responsible for inventing the numeral
zero and the decimal system.
-One of the things the Romans are famous for is their architecture.
23. 4.
-Arabic scholars were able to read the books of Greek philosophers Plato and
Aristotle and translated them into Arabic.
-Because architects who lived in Baghdad adopted Sassanian architectural
traditions, their buildings looked very different from the ones built by the
Greeks.
-The term “window dressing” is similar to creative accounting.
-However, this term is broader and can be applied to other fields.
5.
-According to the World Bank, economic development is closely linked to
corruption reduction.
-Particularly in countries which are based on egalitarian ideals, bribery is often
viewed immensely offensive.
-The collected funds are used for the operation of essential services to the
population.
-Persons who become aware of an error on calculating taxes on reported
income should contact the tax agency.
-This will help to minimize the chances of being suspected of tax evasion, and
allow the matter to be settled before interest charges become significant.
6.
-Most modern counterfeiting is focused on paper money, because it has a
higher face value.
-Someone who is convicted of counterfeiting will spend at least a decade in
prison.
-Teachers who are specialized in astrophysics, law or zoology, for example, may
teach only a certain subject.
-Education as a science cannot be separated from the educational traditions
that existed before.
-Parents should be concerned for their offsprings’ career prospects.
24. -If a pupil senses that his or her parents are worried about forthcoming
examinations, it is almost certain that the same fear will be passed on to the
pupil him/herself.
-Regular and consistent support is important to young people involved in
competitive situations.
