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Xml fa
1.
XML
ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ: ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ: ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ CDﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: • ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ • ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ XML • ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ • ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ٠٨٣١ www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
2.
Castro, Elizabeth
ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ، ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ ] XMLﺍﻳﻜﺲ. ﺍﻡ. ﺍﻝ[/ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ؛ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ، ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ؛ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ. ــ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ: ﺁﻓﺮﻧﮓ: ﮔﻠﭙﻮﻧﻪ، ٠٨٣١. ٨٥٢ ﺹ. : ﻣﺼﻮﺭ، ﺟﺪﻭﻝ. ــ )ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﻲ( 3-03-3666-469 ISBN ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺘﻨﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﭙﺎ. .XML for the world wide web ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ: ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ. ١. ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﭘﺬﻳﺮ. ٢. ﻭﺏ. ﺍﻟﻒ. ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ، ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ، ٠٥٣١ - ، ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ. ﺏ. ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ، ﻋﻠﻲ، ١٥٣١ - ، ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ. ﺝ. ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ. ٢٧/٥٠٠ ٢ﻙ٥٣ﻑ/٦٧/٦٧QA ٠٨٣١ ٤٨٨٥١-٠٨ﻡ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﮔﻠﭙﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺁﻓﺮﻧﮓ XML ﻧﺎﻡ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ : ﺁﻓﺮﻧﮓ، ﮔﻠﭙﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ: ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ: ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ، ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ: ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ: ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﺨﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﻓﻨﻲ: ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ :CD ﺷﻴﻤﺎ ﺻﺪﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺟﻠﺪ: ﺭﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﭼﺎﭖ: ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ: ٣-٠٣-٣٦٦٦-٤٦٩ ﺷﺎﺑﻚ: ﺁﺭﻳﻦ ﺻﺤﺎﻓﻲ: 3-03-3666-469 ISBN ٠٠٠٣٣ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ: ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﭘﺨﺶ: ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ، ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ٠٥٤١ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ: ٥٩٥١٠٤٦ www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
3.
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺭﺍﻥ
ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻴﻢ، ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
4.
ﺳﺨﻦ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ
ﮐﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﮎ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺘﺎﻳﺶ ﮐﻨﻢ ﺍﻳﺰﺩ ﭘﺎﮎ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺼﺮ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ، ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﮔﻤﺎﻧﻴﻢ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻧﺸﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻧﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﺪﺷﺎﻥ ﻟﻮﺡ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻫﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ، ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖﺍﻧﺪ. ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻮ ﺑﮕﺸﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻧﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮐﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ: ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ، ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ- ﺍﻳﻢ، ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻳﮏ CDﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ؛ ﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻴﻢ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺧﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺨﻴﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪﺍﻧﺶ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻴﻔﺘﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻡ ﺩﺳﺖ ﮐﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻮﺭ، ﺻﺒﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺣﺮﺍﻡ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺻﻌﺐ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ، ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺟﻠﺪ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ CDﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺫﻭﻗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺼﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲﺷﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻲﺭﻏﻢ ﺻﻌﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ : ﮐﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻭﺳﻊ ﺑﮑﻮﺷﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺧﻢ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻫﺴﭙﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺻﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺠﺮﺍﻫﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻴﺰﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻭ ﻋﻴﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺷﮑﺎﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪ. ﭘﺲ ﻣﻲ- ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺘﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﻧﮑﻨﻴﺪ. ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ- ﺥ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ- ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ- ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ۰۵۴۱ - ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﺎﻭﺵ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ k_azimi@bigfoot.comﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ. ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻫﻴﻢ. ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ – ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﺨﻴﺮ www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
5.
ﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ
ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪ، ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻳﺎﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ: ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ، ﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ. • ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﺨﻴﺮ،ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻬﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ. • ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ CDﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ. • ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﺷﻴﻤﺎ ﺻﺪﺭﺍ ،ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺟﻠﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ،ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ. • ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﺰﻳﺰﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﺭﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ، ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ. • ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻮﻕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ. ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺻﻤﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺭﺝ ﻣﻲﻧﻬﻴﻢ ﻭ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ. ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻭ CDﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻚ yoonessi@ams.ac.irﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ ، ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
6.
ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ
ﺳﺨﻦ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ .......................................................................................................................................................... ٤ ﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ....................................................................................................................................................... ٥ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ .................................................................................................................................................. ٦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ..................................................................................................................................................................... ١١ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ - ١٩ ............................................................................................................. XML ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ - ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ٢١ ........................................................................................................................................ XML ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ - DTDﻫﺎ ......................................................................................................... ٣٣ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ - ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ٣٥ .................................................................................................................................... DTD ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ - ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ٤١ ................................................................................................... DTD ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ - ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ DTDﻫﺎ .................................................................................................... ٥٥ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮﻡ - ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ٦٧ ................................................................. XML ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ - ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ٦٩ ...................................................................................................................................... XML ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ - ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ........................................................................................................................... ٥٧ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ - ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ........................................................................................................................ ٣٩ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ - ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ١١٣ ......................................................................................................... XML ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻬﻢ - ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ، ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺳﺎﺯﻱ............................................................................................................ ١٢١ www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
7.
ﺑﺨﺶ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ -
XSLTﻭ ١٣٣ .................................................................................... XPATH ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻫﻢ - ١٣٥ ................................................................................................................................................ XSLT ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻫﻢ - : XPathﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ................................................................................................................ ٣٥١ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ - ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ................................................................................................................. ٣٦١ ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ - ١٧٥ ........................................................................ Cascading Style Sheets ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ - ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ١٧٧ .................................................................................................................................... CSS ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ - ﻃﺮﺡﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ١٨٩ ........................................................................................................ CSS ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ - ﻗﺎﻟﺐﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ٢٠٩ ................................................................................................... CSS ﺑﺨﺶ ﺷﺸﻢ - XLinkﻭ٢٢٣ ................................................................................ XPointer ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ - ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ : XLinkﻭ ٢٢٥ ........................................................................................ XPointer ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻬﺎ .................................................................................................................................. ٧٣٢ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ٢٣٩ ............................................................................................................................................ XHTML - A ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ - Bﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ٢٤٣ ..................................................................................................................................... XML ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ - Cﺳﻤﺒﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ .................................................................................................................................... ٧٤٢ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ - Dﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﮕﺰﺍﺩﺳﻴﻤﺎﻝ................................................................................................................. ١٥٢ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ................................................................................................................................................................... ٥٥٢ www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
8.
ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML
XMLﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺖﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ، ﺷﻴﻤﻲ، ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ XMLﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ XMLﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ، ﻣﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺤﺚ ١ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ. ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ XMLﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ XMLﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ XMLﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ XML applicationﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ XMLﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ. ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﺷﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ، ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XMLﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ HTMLﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ: TeachTextﻳﺎ SimpleTextﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﻴﻨﺘﺎﺵ ﻭ Notepadﻳﺎ WordPadﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ. ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XMLﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺁﺭﺍﻳﻲ، ﺻﻔﺤﻪﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ، ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ... ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ XMLﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ، ﺑﺎﺯﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ، ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ، ﺁﻥﻫﻢ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ XMLﺑﺎ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ .xmlﺍﺳﺖ. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
9.
XML
٢٢ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ XMLﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ HTMLﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ، ﺍﺻﻠﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﻨﺪ XML ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺮﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ، ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ١-١. ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻦ. ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ nameﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ < ﻭ > Tigerﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ١-١. ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ. ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ، ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ، ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ < ﻭ > ﺷﻜﻞ ٢-١. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ nameﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ. Languageﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ Englishﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ Englishﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ nameﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ )ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ( ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ Englishﻳﺎ English Tigerﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٢-١(. ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ، ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺪ XMLﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﺮﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻳﻢ. ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ٣-١. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ animalﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺎﺗﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ nameﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٣-١(. ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ، ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ . weightﻋﻨﺼﺮ animalﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮ ﻭﺏ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ5 IEﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ nameﻭ weightﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺍﺯ ) Mozillaﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ6 (Netscapeﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ nameﻭ weightﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ )ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ HTMLﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ(. ﻧﺸﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺎﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
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ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺩﺭ XML ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ XMLﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ٤-١ . ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ (endangered_speciesﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺭﺁﻳﺪ. ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺧﻂ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ )(Root element ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ. ﻫﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ XMLﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٤-١(. ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ > ﻳﻚ / ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٥-١(. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ٥-١ . ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ، ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ. ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ Aﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ Bﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ Bﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ Aﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻨﺪﻳﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٥-١(. ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ XMLﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ. ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ANIMAL, animalﻭ Animalﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ)ﺷﻜﻞ٦-١(. ﺷﻜﻞ ٦-١. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ` ` ﻭ " " ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٧-١(. ﺁﻥ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ HTMLﺩﺭ XMLﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ٥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ١٣( ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﻞ ٧-١ . ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ DTDﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ " " ﻳﺎ ` ` ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
11.
XML
٤٢ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ XML ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ، ﻫﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ XMLﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ XMLﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ XML ﺷﻜﻞ ٨-١ . ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ XMLﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ :XML ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. ١- ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺳﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ <?xmlﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ٢- ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ "0.1"= versionﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ XMLﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ٣- ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ، ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ >? ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ?< ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﺎ >? ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﺑﺮ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ، XMLﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺳﺒﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱﺳﺒﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٥٧١ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺩ. ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ )" " ﻳﺎ ' '( ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ XMLﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ٠٤-٩٣(. ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻛﺘﺮﻱ، ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ XMLﻣﺜﻞ 8- UTFﻳﺎ 61-UTF ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
12.
٥٢
ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ XMLﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ: ﺷﻜﻞ ٩-١ . ﺩﺭ HTMLﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ HTML ١- ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺳﻨﺪ XMLﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ > <rootﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﺍﺳﺖ ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ XMLﻫﺮ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ rootﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ. endangered_speciesﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ٢- ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ )ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﺪ( ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ. ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ٣- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ > </rootﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻳﻌﻨﻲ > <NAMEﺑﺎ > <Nameﻭ > <nameﻓﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺮﻑ، ﻋﻼﻣﺖ _ ﻳﺎ : ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ، ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ، _ ، - ، . ﻭ : ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ : ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٣١١(. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ m ، xﻭ lﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ W3Cﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ، ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ٤٢ ﻭ ٧٦(. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
13.
XML
٦٢ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ XMLﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﻜﻞ ٠١-١ . ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻬﻢﺗﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻏﻴﺮﺧﺎﻟﻲ: XMLﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ: ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ، ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ )ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﻭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ > <nameﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻧﺎﻡ nameﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. ٢- ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ٣- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ > </nameﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ. ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ HTMLﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﺷﻜﻞ ١١-١ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ XMLﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ(. ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ. ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ : ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ،x mﻭ) lﭼﻪ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ، ﭼﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ( ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ W3Cﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺳﻨﺪ XMLﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٧٦ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
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ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﺗﻮﺩﺭﺗﻮ: ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ١ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٦٢ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ١- ﺷﻜﻞ ٢١-١ . ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﻫﻴﺪ. ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ > <innerﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ innerﻧﺎﻡ ٢- ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﻫﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻼ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ innerﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻳﺪ، ٣- ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ > </innerﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ )(inner ٤- ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ٢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ٥- ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ٢ ﺗﺎ ٤ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ٦- ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ٣ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٦٢ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ٣١-١ . ﻋﻨﺼﺮ animalﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ، ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ، ﺳﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ. ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ، ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ، ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
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٨٢ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ، ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ: ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ١- ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ٤١-١ . ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ = attributeﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻭﺍﮊﻩ attributeﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ " " ﻳﺎ ` ` ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ. ٢- ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ""valueﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ valueﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ )ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٦٢ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ(. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ HTMLﺩﺭ XMLﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ؛" " ﻳﺎ ` ` ﻓﺮﻕ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ، ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺟﻔﺖﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ٥١-١ . ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺗﻚﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﻋﻜﺲ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٥(. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ; <ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ. ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮﺩﺭﺗﻮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٧٢(. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
16.
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ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ pictureﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. ﺷﻜﻞ ٦١-١ . ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ: ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ، ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ <nameﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ name ﻭﺍﮊﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ. ٢- ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٢ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ٣- ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ، ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >/ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ: ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ <nameﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻭﺍﮊﻩ nameﻣﻌﺮﻑ ١- ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ٢- ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ، ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ٣- ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ، ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ > </nameﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ٤- ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ nameﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ٧١-١ . sourceﻭ pictureﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ١ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ sourceﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ pictureﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺩﻭﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ XMLﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ،HTMLﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ XMLﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
17.
XML
٠٣ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ، ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ XMLﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ. ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ٨١-١ . ﻃﺮﺯ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ XMLﻭ HTML ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ. ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ: ١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ --!< ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ٢- ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ. ٣- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >-- ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ <!--this is a > - - commentﻧﻮﺷﺖ. ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺩﺭﺗﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻜﻞ ٩١-١ . ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ْْ Commenting out ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻠﻂﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ. ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ XMLﻭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱﺳﺒﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮ، ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
18.
١٣
ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ HTMLﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ & ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ; ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭ XMLﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻴﺶﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ DTDﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱﻭﻳﮋﻩ: ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ & ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ; &ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ. ١- ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ; <ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ٢- ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ;>ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ٣- ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ " ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ; "ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ. ٤- ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ' ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ; &aposﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ٥- ﺷﻜﻞ ٠٢-١ . ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ، ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ; &Ltﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ DTDﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٥٥( ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ. ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ < ﻳﺎ & ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ " ،` ﻳﺎ > ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٢٣ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ. ﻳﻚ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ; "ﻳﺎ ; &aposﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ" ﻭ ` ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ " ﻭ ` ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
19.
XML
٢٣ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ XMLﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ CDATA ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ: ١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ [ <![CDATAﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ٢- ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ٣- ﻋﻼﻳﻢ >]] ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ CDATA ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ XML ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱﺳﺒﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ١٢-١ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﺪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ٧٨١(. ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ CDATAﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ CDATAﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺗﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻜﻨﻴﺪ. ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ CDATAﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ، ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻳﺎ & ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ; <ﻳﺎ ; &ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻳﺎ & ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ. ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ CDATAﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >]] ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ CDATAﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ; >ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ Internet ﺷﻜﻞ ٢٢-١ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ١٣ ﻭ 5 Explorerﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ٣ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ CDATAﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ، xml_book tagsﻭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ appearanceﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ www.txt.ir ﻣﻮﺭﺩ www.txt.ir ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ.
20.
ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ DTD
ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ، ﺩﺭ XMLﻓﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ XMLﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ۲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ، ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ EndMLﺩﺍﺭﺩ. EndMLﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. EndML ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ، ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ، ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ٥٤٢-٤٤٢(. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ: ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ DTDﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ DTD .XMLﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺪ ، ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. ﺳﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ DTDﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ new-fangledﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ W3Cﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ XMLﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ٣ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. www.txt.ir www.txt.ir
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