1. Jonathan R. White
www.cengage.com/cj/white
Chapter 10:
Terrorism in Israel and Palestine
Rosemary Arway
Hodges University
2. Palestine Liberation Organization
PLO – Palestinian Liberation Organization:
o Secular organization
o Yasser Arafet – its leader and founder (1964)
o Attempted to establish a government for
displaced Palestinians
o Purpose was to create a political organization to
help form a multinational alliance against Israel
o Looked to Arab governments to jointly launch a
war against Israel
3. Palestine Liberation Organization
FATAH:
o Yasser Arafat formed Fatah in 1959
o Purpose was to create a guerrilla organization
o Advocated use of small unit tactics and
terrorist actions
o Proposed terrorizing unfortified Israeli civilian
targets after Six Day War defeat
Merged Fatah into PLO in 1964
Media coverage of Fatah attacks raised
PLO status throughout the Arab world
4. Palestine Liberation Organization
Fatah after Karamah:
o After Fatah’s attack on Israel, Israel
respond with force.
o In 1968 Israeli Defense Force (IDF) tanks,
infantry, helicopters and artillery raided the
Palestinians in the village of Karamah
(refuge center housing Fatah members -
fadayeen).
o Fadayyen fought back and Israeli army had
to retreat.
5. Palestine Liberation Organization
PLO Expelled:
o As it grew, the PLO identified more closely
with militant Arab states and organized its
base in Jordan.
o Concerned about the growing influence of
foreign nationals, Jordanian King Hussein
ordered PLO to stop attacking Israel.
o Arafat defied Hussein’s order.
In 1970 Hussain ordered Marital Law.
Arafat and Hussain signed a ceasefire.
Arafat and the PLO fled to southern
Lebanon.
6. Palestine Liberation Organization
Black September and Munich:
o Black September was a splinter group of the PLO
o Formed after King Hussein’s September attack
Black September began planning a strike
against Israel
o With the help of German terrorists, Black September
attacked Olympic Village in September 1972.
o Took most of the Israeli Olympic team hostage
o Killed those who attempted escape
o Botched rescue attempt by Germans ended when
terrorists machine-gunned down their hostages
o In October, Arab terrorists hijacked a Lufthansa jet
and demanded release of the Munich terrorist –
Germans capitulated.
7. Palestine Liberation Organization
1982 Invasion of Lebanon:
o PLO becoming potent force in southern Lebanon
o Iran joined fighting after Islamic revolution of 1979
o Established new terrorist organization called Islamic
Jihad
o Endemic civil war raged in Lebanon
Operation Peace for Galilee
o IDF forces invaded Lebanon
o PLO retreat from Lebanon
o Fighting in Lebanon continued with a new group:
Hezbollah – an umbrella-style organization
o Israel's fight with PLO shifted from Lebanon to
Palestinians areas in Israel
8. Factionalism in Palestinian Terrorism
Yom Kippur/ Ramadan War caused shift
in Middle East terrorism
1967 – 1973 PLO characterized by
internal splintering
Several groups split from Arafat
o Democratic Front for Liberation of Palestine
o Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
o Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine, General Command
o Sabri al Banna - Abu Nidal Organization
9. Abu Nidal Organization
Abu Nidal:
o Created rebel organization called Black June
o Jointed Fatah for the purpose of regaining a
Palestinian homeland
o Became disillusioned with Fatah and Arafat
o With Iraqi assistance built an infrastructure to
support his terrorist organization
o Moved his operations to Damascus in 1983
o In 1987 Moumar Gadhafi brought Abu Nidal
to Libya
▪ From there Abu Nidal organization operated as private
contractor
10. Abu Nidal
Abu Nidal:
o Operated on the international level
▪ Particularly ruthless – terrorists became noted for
the brutality of their attacks
o Changed the face of Middle Eastern
terrorism
▪ Increased activities in Europe
▪ Created a large terrorist group
▪ Immersed himself in the Lebanese Civil War
▪ Terrorism become the meaning for existence
o Began working as a mercenary for foreign
governments
11. Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)
o Secular group arising after Yom Kippur War
o Small group that emerged in Egypt
o Influenced by militant Salafism
o Disillusioned with the Muslim Brotherhood
PIJ founders:
o Fathi Shekaki
o Abdul Aziz
o Bashir Musa
12. Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Fathi Shekaki
o Longed to take direct – military – action against
infidels
o Supported Iranian revolution
o Left Egypt in 1981 with Aziz and Musa to settle in
the Gaza Strip
o Advocate of umbrella-style organization and the
suicide bomber (Hezbollah innovations)
o Discovered that small groups are virtually invisible
for enemies, and for that reason let his group split.
▪ The U.S.A. Department of State sees the structure of PIJ
as a pillar of strength.
13. Palestinian Islamic Jihad
PIJ terrorists gained power through group’s
hidden structure
o No infrastructure or visible means of support
▪ Invisibility partially due to growing number of
groups claiming the name Islamic Jihad
o Impossible to fight a non-organization
o Not concerned with claiming credit for operations
▪ 1987 First Intifada – PIJ joining street fights
▪ 1993 Oslo Accord promises peace in Middle
East - Fathi Shekaki joins a new Rejectionist
Front
14. Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Shekaki was assassinated in Malta in 1995.
Shekaki’s succesor, Ramadan Abdullah Sallah,
maintained Shekaki philosophy.
In 2001 PIJ launched a suicide bombing
campaign:
o Sought deeper ties to Hezbollah and Hamas
Department of Justice (DOJ) believes PIJ has an
organized network of financial supporters
including some within the U.S.
o U.S. government claims to have uncovered a PIJ
financial and administrative network at a Florida
University.
15. Hamas and the Rise
of Religious Organizations
Palestinian Muslim Brothers would become the
nucleus of Hamas
o Hamas formed in 1987
o Tied to Sheik Ahmed Yassin
o Wanted to steer the resistance movement along a
religious course
o Hamas Charter published in 1988 – declares
Palestine as a God-given land from the Jordan river
to Mediterranean Sea
o Hamas reflects non-violence ideas against fellow
Palestinians
o Hamas opposes PLO
o Hamas maintains political wing to oversee internal
and foreign affairs
16. Hamas and the Rise
of Religious Organizations
Struggles for Leadership:
o Yassin was jailed from 1989 to 1997
o Musa Abu Marzuq took over Hamas
▪ Strategy more violent than Yassin’s
▪ Launched savage suicide bombings in Israel
▪ Created ‘outside’ leadership basing Hamas
outside of Palestine territory
o In 1997 Yassin was released from prison
and while under house arrest he gradually
reasserted control over Hamas.
17. Hamas and the Rise
of Religious Organizations
In 2003 Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmud
Abbas brokered a limited ceasefire, asking
Hamas, the PIJ and related groups to end their
campaigns.
Arafat and PIJ dominate Palestinian politics
In 2006 Fatah lost its position and Hamas won
the election.
o The U.S.A and UE did not recognize Hamas’s
victory.
o 2007 - Hamas had driven Fatah from Gaza and
Abbas dissolved the government and formed a new
one without Hamas.
o 2008 - Operation Cast Lead: Israel assaults Gaza.
18. The Future
In March 2004 Israeli helicopters fired three
missiles at Yassin.
o Hamas announced his replacement with Abdel
Aziz Rantisi.
▪ Israeli assassinated Rantsi in the same manner as
Yassin.
A new leader was appointed but his identity is
kept in secret.
o There is a suspicion the new leader (Khalid
Mashal) acts outside of Palestine from
Damascus.
o It is suspected that he may develop an
international orientation and present a threat to
the U.S.
19. The Future
Reuvan Paz Matthew Levitt
Hamas is: Hamas is:
Shifting targets and focus Engaged in anti-America
Strong Sunni organization rhetoric
Palestinian extension of the Refused to join al-Qaeda and
Muslim Brotherhood the international Jihad
Influenced by militant Salafi
Puritanism because its focus is on Israel
Supported by Saudi International
sympathizers Disincentives for attacking
Closer to the revolutionary
Shi’ites in general the West
Falling into Hezbollah orbit Militant theology behind
Hamas may encourage
individual terrorists to take
action against the West
20. al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades
Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades (Brigades) formed to
put Fatah at the center of the new Intifada.
o Began as secular group
o Increasing use of Jihadist rhetoric
o First secular Palestinian group to use suicide tactics
▪ Suicide bombing became the most important tactic of all the
Palestinian terrorist groups
Brigades recognize Israel’s right to exist.
o Intend to stop Israeli incursions and attacks in
Palestinian areas
o Punish Israel for each attack
21. al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades
al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades’ effective tactics:
o Drive-by shootings
o Snipers
o Ambushes
o Kidnap-murders
o suicide bombings
Brigade suicide bombers were frightening for
two reasons:
o They were secular
o Sought out crowded civilian targets
Purpose is to kill and maim as many victims as possible in
the most public way possible
22. al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades
Leadership in the Martyrs Brigades
o Al Aqsa has little centralized structure
▪ Its strength comes from the fact that small cells are able to
operate without a strong leader
▪ Administration is pushed to the lowest operational level
▪ Cells function almost autonomously
▪ Effective because they operate in a network
▪ Effective without centralized leadership
o Al Aqsa is suspected of being associated with Fatah
o Marwan Barghouti is the commander
o Arafat pays the expenses and set the agenda (Israelis
report)
▪ There is no evidence that he has control over the organization
23. Violent Jewish Fundamentalism
Jewish Fundamentalism:
o Involved in terrorist violence
o Militant Judaism is based on the biblical
notion that God has promised to restore the
state the Israel
Rabbi Meir Kahane
o In 1968 created the Jewish Defense
League
o Involved in several terrorist incidents in the
U.S.
o Formed the militant group – Kach
o Assassinated in 1990 in the United States
24. Violent Jewish Fundamentalism
Kahane Chai:
o Combined politics and biblical literalism to demand all
Arabs be expelled from Israel’ occupied territories
o Involved in threatening Palestinians
o Threatened to attack Arabs and Israeli officials seeking
peace
o Committed to stop any peace proposal recognizing
territorial rights of Palestinians
Gush Emunim
o fundamentalist Israeli settlement in Palestinian territory,
gets political support from Israel
o Same set of beliefs as violent fundamentalists
o Rhetoric appears normative compared with violent
rhetoric of other groups
25. Violent Jewish Fundamentalism
Problems with Jewish militant extremism:
Hanauer:
o Extremists claim the exclusive right to determine
the truth.
o They advocate an ideal order
▪ Gush Emunim and Kach claim the Messiah can
come only when the existing order is purified.
o National identify of Israel and its political legitimacy
can only be determined through religion.
o All current events are defined within a narrow set of
beliefs that define a limited worldview and identify
only a few people as being chosen by God.
26. Controversial Counterterrorist Policies
Many Israeli police and military units
have established excellent reputations in
counterterrorist operations.
Tactical operations are second to none.
o Mossad – Israeli intelligence service
o Shin Beth – Domestic Israeli security
service
o IDF – Israeli Defense Force
o Israeli police – able to handle bombs,
kidnappings, snipers
27. Controversial Counterterrorist Policies
International controversy
o Bulldozing
▪ Purpose is to destroy the family homes of suicide
bombers
▪ Suspected leaders in militant groups and others
were targeted
▪ Farms and other areas were bulldozed
o The Wall
▪ Condemned by the international community, a
concrete and barbed-wire barrier cut through
Palestinian areas.
▪ Construction reduced suicide attacks
▪ Construction separated Palestinians from their
jobs, families and services
28. Controversial Counterterrorist Policies
o Invading Lebanon
▪ First invasion, 1982, to rid south of the PLO, ended
with 18 year occupation and the creation of
Hezbollah.
▪ 1993 offensive in Lebanon to disrupt Hezbollah
operations
▪ Operation Grapes of Wrath: destruction of bridges,
power plants, and other infrastructure
▪ Attempt to create a wedge between Lebanon and
Hezbollah
▪ July 2006 another invasion
▪ Israeli Air Naval and IDF attacked Lebanon with an
attempt to destroy Hezbollah; they defended its
action saying the Lebanon government was unable
to disarm and confront Hezbollah on its own.
29. Controversial Counterterrorist Policies
Selective Assassination
o Paz
▪ might internationalize the conflict
o Bayman
▪ is publicly transparent
o Krauthammer
▪ Israelis feel that harsh policies must be
implemented to deter terrorism.
▪ U.S. repeatedly has taken the stance that Israel
cannot be condemned for harsh measures until
the international community also condemns
Palestinian terrorism.