1. Dibyendu Jana
It/06/j/18
College of Engineering &
Management, Kolaghat

2. A nanocomputer
that uses DNA
(deoxyribonucleic
acids) to store
information and
perform complex
calculations.

3. Moore‟s Law states that silicon
microprocessors double in complexity
roughly every two years.
One day this will no longer hold true
when miniaturisation limits are reached.
Intel scientists say it will happen in about
the year 2018.
Require a successor to silicon.

4. Extremely dense information storage
Computers store data in strings made up
of the numbers 0 and 1. Living things
store information with molecules
represented the letters A,T,C and G.
A single gram of dried
DNA, about the size of a half-
inch sugar cube, can hold as
much information as a trillion
compact discs.

5. Extreme parallelism
Roughly 10 trillion DNA
molecules could fit into a
space the size of a marble.
Since all these molecules
can process data
simultaneously, you could
theoretically have 10 trillion
calculations going on in a
small space at once

6. Extreme energy efficiency
1 J enough for 219 ligase operations vs. 109
operations on supercomputes (1994)
Ability to solve too complex problems
They're also pursuing the idea that genetic material
can self-replicate and grow into processors so
powerful that they can handle problems too complex
for silicon-based computers to solve

7. DNA structure
Tools of DNA computing
Model of DNA computer
Solving Hamiltonian Path problem
Challenges
Summary

8. Source code to life
Instructions for building
and regulating cells
Data store for genetic inheritance
Cellular machinery (enzymes) translates
DNA into proteins, duplicates, repairs, etc.
Think of enzymes as hardware, DNA as
software

9. Composed of four nucleotides (+ sugar-
phosphate backbone)
A – Adenine
T –Thymine
C – Cytosine
G – Guanine
Bond in pairs
A–T
C –G

10. Uses an enzyme DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase reads a template strand to
produce a complementary strand
Needs a “start signal” -- DNA primer
Obvious similarity with Tuning machine

11. DNA ligase
Bonds two DNA strands
into one
Restriction enzymes
Cut DNA at a particular
place
Gel electrophoresis
Separates DNA by length
Shorter strands move
quicker than longer
strands under applied
current

12. Use specially coded DNA as initial
conditions for biological reaction
Natural enzymes duplicate DNA
Matching DNA base pairs
attach to each other
Find answer in resulting
soup of DNA strands

13. Began in 1994 when Dr. Leonard
Adleman wrote the paper “Molecular
computation of solutions to combinatorial
problems”.
He then carried out this experiment
successfully – although it took him days
to do so!

14. Tokyo (July 3rd, 2002)
Olympus Optical Co. Ltd.
Specializes in gene analysis
Two sections –
Molecular Calculation component
»DNA combination of molecules
»Implements chemical reactions
»Searches
»Pulls out right DNA results
Electronic Calculation component
»Executes processing programs
»Analysis these results•

15. Israeli scientists have devised Self-powered
DNA computer unveiled in 2003.
Trillion could fit in a test tube
330 trillion operations per second, more than
100,000 times the speed of the fastest PC at
99.8% accuracy
First programmable autonomous computing machine
Input, output, software, and hardware all made of
biomolecules
DNA comp inside cells to monitor cell vitals

16. Biological computer developed that
could be used to fight cancers.
„Designer DNA‟ identifies abnormal and is
attracted to it.
The Designer molecule then releases chemicals
to inhibit its growth or even kill the malignant cells.
Successfully tested on animals.

17. There is always a plentiful supply of it.
Since there is a plentiful supply, it is a
cheap resource.
DNA biochips can be made cleanly, unlike
the toxic materials used to make traditional
microprocessors.
DNA computers can be made many times
smaller than today's computers

18. DNA computers are massively
parallel in their computation.
Excellent for NP problems such as
the Knight problem and the Travelling
Salesman problem.
Solutions that would otherwise take
months to compute could be found in
hours.

19. DNA computers are not completely accurate at
this moment in time.
During an operation, there is a 95% chance a
particular DNA molecule will „compute‟ correctly.
Would cause a problem with a large amount of
operations.
DNA has a half-life.
Solutions could dissolve away before the end result
is found.

20. The 13th International Meeting
on
DNA Computing held on
June 4-8, 2007 in
Memphis, Tennessee
The 14th International
Meeting on DNA Computing
held on occur on June 2-6, 2008 in
Prague, Czech Republic

21. DNA computers showing enormous
potential, especially for medical
purposes as well as data processing
applications.
Still a lot of work and resources
required to develop it into a fully fledged
product.
Let us wait for 15th International
Meeting on DNA Computing