1. WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION

2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Intervention Research: - Experimental Research Non-Intervention Research: - Correlation Research - Survey Research

3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH An experiment research is a research situation where at least one independent variable, called the experimental variable, is deliberately manipulated or varied by the researcher. The purpose of experimental research is to study cause and effect relationships.

4. VARIABLE Independent Variable experimental or treatment variable (it is the cause) Dependent Variable/Measured Variable is what is measured to assess the effects of the independent variable

5. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

6. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

7. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

8. INSTRUMENT tools researchers use to collect data for research studies (alternatively called “tests”) The types of instruments: 1. Cognitive Instruments 2.Affective Instruments 3.Projective Instruments

10. Affective instruments Measure characteristics of individuals along a number of dimensions and to assess feelings, values, and attitudes toward self, others, and a variety of other activities, institutions, and situations.

11. Types of affective instruments: attitude scales self-reports of an individual’s beliefs, perceptions, or feelings about self, others, and a variety of activities, institutions, and situations values tests measure the relative strength of an individual’s valuing of theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, and religious values personality inventories an individual’s self-report measuring how behaviors characteristic of defined personality traits describe that individual

13. Two issues in using instruments 1.Validity: the degree to which the instrument measures what it purports to measure 2.Reliability: the degree to which the instrument consistently measures what it purports to measure

14. VALIDITY

15. Types of validity 1. Content validity the degree to which an instrument measures an intended content area. 2.Criterion-related validity an individual takes two forms of an instrument which are then correlated to discriminate between those individuals who possess a certain characteristic from those who do not 3.Construct validity a series of studies validate that the instrument really measures what it purports to measure

16. RELIABILITY

17. Types of reliability... 1.Stability (“test-retest”): the degree to which two scores on the same instrument are consistent over time 2.Equivalence (“equivalent forms”): the degree to which identical instruments (except for the actual items included) yield identical scores 3.Internal consistency (“split-half” reliability with Spearman-Brown correction formula , Kuder-Richardson and Cronback’s Alpha reliabilities, scorer/rater reliability): the degree to which one instrument yields consistent results