1. Bibliographic Citation
An Introduction

2. WARNING
 This is not a definitive or binding
representation of format accepted by all
instructors.
 It is essential that you consult with your
instructor before submitting your paper for a
grade.
 Your instructor is the final authority regarding
acceptable format and style for papers and
other written assignments.

3. Three areas of concern:
Part I: Formatting your paper
Part II: The reference list
Part III: Parenthetical, or in-
text, citation

4. Part I: Formatting your paper
 Margins
 Font size
 Spacing
 How to number pages
 Running header
 Title page (or not)

5. Part I: Formatting your paper
 Use 8½ X 11 inch paper
 12 point, New Times Roman, or similar
font
 1 inch margins
 Double-space your text
 Use a running header
 Number pages consecutively, starting
on the first page

6. Part II: The reference list
 Often called References or Works Cited
 Lists the sources you used to write your
paper
 Start references on a new page after
the body of your text.
 List sources alphabetically, by author’s
last name
 If author is unknown, list source by title

7. Part II: The reference list
 The purpose of the reference list is to:
Identify and credit the sources you used
 Enable the reader to locate your sources

 APA style is used in the social sciences,
education, engineering and business.
 MLA is used mostly in the humanities
disciplines (history, literature, fine arts)

8. A few examples…
 Books
 MLA (Modern Language Association)citation
style
Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College.
Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004. Print.
 APA (American Psychological Association)
citation style
Lipson, C. (2004). Doing honest work in college.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

9. A few examples…
 Part of a nonperiodical (e.g., a book chapter)
 MLA
Lipson, Charles. “Plagiarism and Academic Honesty.”
Integrity in Scholarship. Ed. Sean Jones. Chicago: U
of Chicago P, 2004. 32-48. Print.
 APA
Lipson, C. (2004). Plagiarism and academic honesty. In
S. Jones (Ed.), Integrity in scholarship (pp. 32-48).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

10. A few examples…
 Periodicals
 MLA
Sacks, Samuel. “Fraud Risk: Are You Prepared?”
Journal of Accountancy 198.3 (2004): 57-63. Print.
 APA
Sacks, S. E. (2004). Fraud risk: are you prepared?
Journal of Accountancy, 198(3), 57-63.

11. Part III:
Parenthetical, or in-text, citation
 Within the body of your text, you must
cite your sources as you use them.
 You must cite any and all data, facts,
information, opinions, ideas, tables,
charts, graphics, photographs, etc. that
you obtained in your research.
 References in the text must clearly point
to specific sources in the list of works
cited.

12. Part III:
Parenthetical, or in-text, citation
 MLA
Paraphrasing
One idea is to surround quotations with big Q’s to
distinguish the author’s words from your own ideas
(Lipson 48).
In Doing honest work in college, Lipson (48) suggests
surrounding quotations with big Q’s to distinguish the
author’s words from your own ideas.
___________________________________________
Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College.
Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004. Print.

13. Part III:
Parenthetical, or in-text, citation
 MLA
Direct quote
Lipson’s first rule of academic honesty is, “When you
say you did the work yourself, you actually did it” (3).
“When you say you did the work yourself, you actually
did it,” is a good rule to keep in mind (Lipson 3).
____________________________________________
Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College.
Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004. Print.

14. Part III:
Parenthetical, or in-text, citation
 APA
Paraphrasing
One idea is to surround quotations with big Q’s to
distinguish the author’s words from your own ideas
(Lipson, 2004).
In Doing honest work in college, Lipson (2004) suggests
surrounding quotations with big Q’s to distinguish the
author’s words from your own ideas.
___________________________________________
Lipson, C. (2004). Doing honest work in college.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

15. Part III:
Parenthetical, or in-text, citation
 APA
Direct quote
Lipson’s first rule of academic honesty is, “When you
say you did the work yourself, you actually did it”
(2004, p. 3).
A good rule to follow is “When you say you did the work
yourself, you actually did it” (Lipson, 2004, p. 3).
___________________________________________
Lipson, C. (2004). Doing honest work in college.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

16. Conclusion
 Formatting rules make research papers
uniform and easy to read
 The ability to verify facts through proper
citation of sources is essential to good
scholarship
 In-text citation and the reference list:
 Identify and credit the sources you used
 Enable the reader to locate your sources