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RF fundamentals and Data rate enhancement techniques
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RF fundamentals
1.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright 2014.
Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Welcome to The Technical Climb Webinar On RF Fundamentals
2.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Welcome to the Technical Climb Webinar Listen to this webinar using the computer audio broadcasting or dial in by phone. The dial in number can be found in the audio panel, click additional numbers to view local dial in numbers. If you experience any difficulties accessing the webinar contact us using the questions panel.
3.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Housekeeping This webinar will be recorded All lines will be muted during the webinar How can you ask questions? Use the question panel on your screen The recorded presentation will be posted on arubapedia for partners (afp.arubanetworks.com) The TAC team will answer additional questions after the webinar on Airheads Community
4.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright 2014.
Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Radio Frequency Fundamentals
5.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Loss (Attenuation) • Decrease of amplitude or signal strength – On a wire due to impedance – Over the air-Free Space Path Loss • Loss depends on Wavelength of a Signals • Short WL Signals will have more effect that long WL Signals • Loss is more in 5 Ghz compared to 2.4 Ghz
6.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright 2010.
Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved6 Frequency effect on attenuation 2.4 Ghz 5 Ghz
7.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Multipath •When multiple signals arrive at receiver due to different obstructions/effects on RF signal •Difference in arrival is delay spread. Downfade Upfade Nulling
8.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Demo on Multipath effect and Attenuation
9.
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2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved RF Channel
10.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Overlapping vs. Non-Overlapping
11.
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2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Effective Wireless deployment
12.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved 2.4 Ghz channels
13.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Throughput 2 Mbps Throughput is actual data performance
14.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Bandwidth • Don’t confuse frequency Bandwidth (size of channels) and data bandwidth (speeds for transmission) • Bandwidth always effected by throughput
15.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Floor noise • Noise level is measured in -dBm format (0 to -100). • The closer the value to 0, the greater the noise level. • Sources of noise can include • microwave ovens • cordless phones • Bluetooth devices • wireless video cameras • wireless game controllers • fluorescent lights
16.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved
17.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved What is SNR ? • The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compares the level of the Wi-FI signal to the level of background Floor noise (RF Noise) • This value is represented as a +dBm value. • When Floor noise increases, SNR Decreases. • Always SNR between 20-25 is considered as good. For example: • If you have a -41dBm signal strength, and a -50dBm noise level, this results in a poor signal-to-noise ratio of +9dBm. • If you have a -41dBm signal strength, and a -96dBm noise level, this results in an excellent signal-to- noise ratio of +55dBm.
18.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Relation between SNR and Data rate Rate (Mb/s) 1 2 5.5 11 6 9 SNR (dB) 4 6 8 10 4 5 Signal level (dBm) -81 -79 -77 -75 -81 -80 Rate (Mb/s) 12 18 24 36 48 54 SNR (dB) 7 9 12 16 20 21 Signal level (dBm) -78 -76 -73 -69 -65 -64
19.
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2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved SNR VS Data rate
20.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright 2014.
Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Ask a Question
21.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Techniques used for enhancing the performance • Antenna Diversity • MIMO • Spatial Multiplexing • Transmit beam formation • Channel bonding • Short guard interval
22.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Antenna Diversity • A technique where multiple antennas are strategically spaced and connected to common receiving system. • While one antenna sees a signal null, one of the other antennas may see a signal peak, and the receiver is able to select the antenna with the best signal at any time. • Also avoids multipath down fading and nullify effect
23.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved
24.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved MIMO • A wireless technology that uses multiple transmitters and receivers to transfer more data at the same time. • MIMO technology takes advantage of a radio-wave phenomenon called multipath. • Single user MIMO – All the data streams destined to the same user • Multi User MIMO – Data streams destined to different users
25.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved MIMO Each MIMO system is defined with NxM antenna matrix N – No of Tx antenna M – No. of Rx antenna E.g. 3x3 AP means physical presence of 3 transmit and 3 receive antenna. Each Tx antenna transmits uniquely encoded data stream simultaneously. This is called Spatial Stream (SS).
26.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Spatial Multiplexing • Each stream can use the same, or different modulation techniqus A2 B2 B1 A1 A B 1 2
27.
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2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Transmit Beamforming (TxBF)
28.
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2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Channel Bonding
29.
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2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Wide Channels
30.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Bandwidth Total Subcarriers Subcarriers for Data Multiplier 20 MHz 56 52 1 40 MHz 114 108 (108/52) = 2.07 80 MHz 242 234 (234/52) = 4.5 160 MHz 484 468 (468/52) = 9.0 FCC Band Channel Number Available Bandwidth Configurable 80 MHz channels Configurable 160 MHz channels UNII-1 36-48 5150-5250 2 1 UNII-2 52-64 5250-5350 UNII-2e 100-144 5470-5720 3 1 UNII-3 149-161 5745-5805 1 0 ISM 165 5825 Spectral efficiency and channel availability
31.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Short guard interval a b c a b c Receivedpowerlevel time A B 1 2 N N+1 N+2 N N+1 N+2 N N+1 N+2 Guard interval Inter-symbol interference Previous 802.11 standards used a guard interval of 800nsec. 802.11n adds an option for 400nsec
32.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Modulation Coding scheme (Set) ( MCS ) • New standards like, 11n and 11ac will use best combination of Modulation and coding ( MCS ) to select the datarate ( 70 + in 11n and 10 in 11ac ) • MCS leads to a wide range of speeds depend on • Channel condition, • best combination of datarates, • bonded channels, • multiple spatial streams, • different guard intervals • modulation types and coding • Modulation describes how many bits are contained within one transmission time increment. Higher modulations pack more data into the transmission, but they require much higher signal-to-noise ratios • Error-correcting code adds redundant information in a proportion described by the code rate. • A code at rate R=1/2 transmits one user data bit (the numerator) for every two bits (the denominator) on the channel. • Higher code rates have more data and less redundancy at the cost of not being able to recover from as many errors.
33.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved QAM quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) works by using the combination of amplitude level and phase shift to select one of many symbols To identify each of the values, there will be a unique combination of phase shift and quadrature (roughly speaking, the amplitude of a wave). Ex : 16 QAM = 4 Phase shifts and 4 Quadrature 64 QAM = 8 Phase shifts and 8 Quadrature 256 QAM = 16 Phase shifts and 16 Quadrature Each time a symbol is transmitted, it may take on one of the phase shifts and one of amplitude levels combination. With 256 QAM we can transmit 256 symbols at a time.
34.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved MCS Index MCS index value Modulation Code rate (R) 0 BPSK 1/2 1 QPSK 1/2 2 QPSK 3/4 3 16-QAM 1/2 4 16-QAM 3/4 5 64-QAM 2/3 6 64-QAM 3/4 7 64-QAM 5/6 8 256-QAM 3/4 9 256-QAM 5/6
35.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Speed with Combo of MCS, CH width and SS MCS value 20 MHz data rate (1SS, short GI) Spatial stream multiplication factor Channel width multiplication factor Maximum 40 MHz rate (8 SS, short GI) Maximum 80 MHz rate (8 SS, short GI) Maximum 160 MHz rate (8 SS, short GI) MCS 0 7.2 Mbps x2 for 2 streams x3 for 3 streams x4 for 4 streams x5 for 5 streams x6 for 6 streams x7 for 7 streams x8 for 8 streams x1.0 for 20 MHz x2.1 for 40 MHz x4.5 for 80 MHz x9.0 for 160 MHz 120.0 Mbps 260.0 Mbps 520.0 Mbps MCS 1 14.4 240.0 520.0 1040.0 MCS 2 21.7 360.0 780.0 1560.0 MCS 3 28.9 480.0 1040.0 2080.0 MCS 4 43.3 720.0 1560.0 3120.0 MCS 5 57.8 960.0 2080.0 4160.0 MCS 6 65.0 1080.0 2340.0 4680.0 MCS 7 72.2 1200.0 2600.0 5200.0 MCS 8 86.7 1440.0 3120.0 6240.0 MCS 9 96.3 1600.0 3466.7 6933.3
36.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved 802.11 n • 2.4 Ghz AND 5 Ghz • High Throughput-HT • Improved OFDM – Instead of using 48 sub carriers, it uses 52 sub carriers • MIMO technology with OFDM – Increased throughput and greater range – Radio Chains • spatial multiplexing • Transmit beam forming – Can use max 4 SS • Channel Bonding – Uses (20 + 20) MHz in 2.4 GHz and 40MHz in 5 GHz channels • Short god interval – Uses 400 ns Guard interval • Block acknowledgement
37.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved IEEE 802.11 n 300 Mbps with 2 Streams 600 Mbps with 4 Streams 450 Mbps with 3 Streams
38.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved 802.11 ac • Wide Channels 80 MHz channels (contiguous) 160 MHz channels (contiguous or two non-contiguous 80 MHz slices) 256-QAM (Quadrature amplitude modulation) Provides a 33% increase in throughput over the 64-QAM used in 11n • Short Guard Interval ( 400 ns ) • Up to 8 spatial streams Compared to a maximum of 4 spatial streams in 11n Up to 8 spatial streams in both single-user and multi-user modes • Downlink Multi-user MIMO Allows 1 AP to transmit unique data to multiple stations simultaneously • Independent virtual carrier sense in sub-channels
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CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2014. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved Speed comparison Technology 20 MHz[a] 40 MHz 80 MHz 160 MHz 802.11b 11 Mbps 802.11a/g 54 Mbps 802.11n (1 SS) 72 Mbps 150 Mbps 802.11ac (1 SS) 87 Mbps 200 Mbps 433 Mbps 867 Mbps 802.11n (2 SS) 144 Mbps 300 Mbps 802.11ac (2 SS) 173 Mbps 400 Mbps 867 Mbps 1.7 Gbps 802.11n (3 SS) 216 Mbps 450 Mbps 802.11ac (3 SS) 289 Mbps 600 Mbps 1.3 Gbps 2.3 Gbps[b] 802.11n (4 SS)[c] 289 Mbps 600 Mbps 802.11ac (4 SS) 347 Mbps 800 Mbps 1.7 Gbps 3.5 Gbps 802.11ac (8 SS) 693 Mbps 1.6 Gbps 3.4 Gbps 6.9 Gbps
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