VIVA PRESENTATION : PAVEMENT (DERMA NUR ASHIKIN)

UTILISATION OF MIXED RECYCLED
PLASTICS AND GLASS AS AN
AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT IN
ASPHALT MIXTURES
DERMA NUR ASHIKIN BT NONG RADZIF
A133212
Dr. NUR IZZI BIN MD. YUSOFF
VIVA SIPINTAR 2013/2014

INTRODUCTION
 Malaysia produces over 23,000 tonnes
of waste daily
 This amount will increase to 30,000
tonnes by 2020 and continue to increase
due to the increasing population and
development, less than 5% of waste is
currently recycled (Global Environment
Centre Malaysia)
 Glass have a much lower value than
other recycled materials such as plastics,
metal and paper (Chiew, 2005)

INTRODUCTION
 Previous study indicates that glass
and plastic waste can be used as a
secondary aggregate in asphalt
concrete pavement, providing better
dynamic behaviour that can withstand
heavy traffic in the long term (Al-
Salem et al., 2009)

OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate the feasibility of using
waste materials (glass and plastics)
in asphalt mixtures for pavement
applications under various conditions
namely; unaged, short-term and
long-term ageing
2. To model the deformation occurs in
each samples using the finite-element
software (Abaqus).

MATERIALS
Aggregate Bitumen
Lime Stone

MATERIALS
 Mixed Recycled Plastics
 Three Types Of Recycled Glass
Mixed Recycled Plastics Bottle Glass
Sheet Glass LCD Glass

SAMPLE PREPARATIONS
Samples were fabricated with various
percentages of added recycled materials
:
 0%P (Plastic) 5%G (Glass)
 5%P 0% G
 2.5%P + 2.5%G
 1%P + 4%G
 4%P + 1%G
 Control sample

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
1. AGGREGATE TEST
Aggregate Test Method
Aggregate Crushing Value(ACV) BS 812 : Part 110 :1990
Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) BS 812 :Part 112 : 1990
Flakiness Index (FI)
BS 812 :section 105.1
:1989
Elongation Index (EI) BS 812 :Part 1: 1975
Los Angeles Abrasion Value (LAAV) ASTM C: 131-81

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
2. VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES
 Air Voids (VA)
 Voids In Mineral Aggregate (VMA)
 Voids Filled With Asphalt (VFA)
3. Sample Preparations
 By using Superpave Gyratory
Compactor Machine

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
4. AGEING PROCEDURES
• Unaged
• Short-term Ageing
• Long-term Ageing

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
5. PERFOMANCE TESTING
 Resilient Modulus
(ASTM Standards :D 4123-82)
 Static Creep
(BS 598-111:1995)
 Dynamic Creep
(BS DD 226:1996)
6. MODELLING
Finite-element software Abaqus.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Aggregate Properties
Aggregate Test Value (%) Method
Aggregate Crushing Value
(ACV) 42.57
BS 812 : Part 110
:1990
Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) 15.10
BS 812 :Part 112 :
1990
Flakiness Index (FI) 6.00
BS 812 :section
105.1 :1989
Elongation Index (EI) 42.00
BS 812 :Part 1: 1975
Los Angeles Abrasion Value
(LAAV) 32.13
ASTM C: 131-81

Binder Properties (60/70)
Test Value Unit Method
Penetration at 25 ºC 63 1/10 mm ASTM D5
Softening point 48 °C ASTM D36
Specific gravity 1.0465 - ASTM D70
Ductility at 25 ºC >100 Cm ASTM D113

The gradation of aggregates and recycled materials
Sieve Size
Percent Passing (%)
Upper
Limit
Lower
Limit
Design
Glass
Plastic
Bottle LCD Sheet
19 mm 100 90 95 0 1 0 0
9.5 mm 80 56 68 0 8.96 0 0
4.75 mm 65 35 50 1.27 23.22 3.48 21.69
2.36 mm 49 23 36 37.73 26.51 29.94 75.14
300 μm 19 5 12 56.39 29.40 56.20 3.17
75 μm 8 5 5 3.54 1.37 7.56 0
Dust 0 0 0 1.07 9.54 2.82 0
(ASTM D 3515-96 (D-4)

 Optimum Binder Content
Samples Optimum Binder Content (%)
Control 4.43
5% Glass 4.78
5% Plastic 4.2
2.5% Plastic 2.5% Glass 4.2
4% Plastic 1% Glass 5.2
1% Plastic 4% Glass 5.4

Resilient Modulus (Unaged)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.33 Hz 0.5 Hz 1 Hz 0.33 Hz 0.5 Hz 1 Hz
CONTROL
5% Glass
5% Plastic
2.5% Plastic 2.5%
Glass
4% Plastic 1%
Glass
1% plastic 4%
Glass
RESILIENT MODULUS OF UNAGED
25 °C 40 °C
Resilient modulus (Mpa)

Resilient Modulus (Short-term Ageing)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.33 Hz 0.5 Hz 1 Hz 0.33 Hz 0.5 Hz 1 Hz
CONTROL
5% Glass
5% Plastic
2.5% Plastic 2.5%
Glass
1% plastic 4%
Glass
4% Plastic 1%
Glass
RESILIENT MODULUS OF SHORT TERM AGEING
SAMPLES
Resilient Modulus Mpa
25 °C 40 °C

Resilient Modulus (Long-term Ageing)
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.33 Hz 0.5 Hz 1 Hz 0.33 Hz 0.5 Hz 1 Hz
CONTROL
5% Glass
5% Plastic
2.5% Plastic 2.5%
Glass
1% plastic 4% Glass
4% Plastic 1% Glass
RESILIENT MODULUS OF LONG-TERM AGEING
25 °C 40 °C
Resilient Modulus (Mpa)

RESILIENT MODULUS INDEX
(MRI) : 25 °C
RESILIENT MODULUS INDEX (25 °C)
SAMPLES UNAGED SHORT-TERM LONG-TERM
CONTROL 1 1 1
5% GLASS 1.10 1.54 1.86
5% PLASTIC 0.64 0.50 0.91
2.5% GLASS
2.5%PLASTIC
1.01 0.55 0.86
4% PLASTIC 1% GLASS 0.84 0.26 0.29
1% PLASTIC 4% GLASS 1.55 1.20 2.82

RESILIENT MODULUS INDEX (MRI) :
40 °C
RESILIENT MODULUS INDEX 40 °C)
CONTROL 1.00 1.00 1.00
5% GLASS 1.53 0.45 1.71
5% PLASTIC 0.50 0.10 0.60
2.5% GLASS
2.5%PLASTIC 0.99 0.50 0.47
4% PLASTIC 1% GLASS 0.98 0.43 0.46
1% PLASTIC 4% GLASS 2.24 0.48 1.84

Static Creep (Unaged)
1000000
900000
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
0 100 500 1000 2000 3000 3500
control
5% G
5% P
2.5% P 2.5% G
4% P 1% G
1% P 4% G
STATIC CREEP OF UNAGED SAMPLES
Time (sec)
Permanent deformation 10⁻⁶ mm

Static Creep (Short-term Ageing)
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
0 100 500 1000 2000 3000 3500
control
5% G
5% P
2.5% P 2.5% G
4% P 1% G
1% P 4% G
Time (sec)
Permanent
STATIC CREEP OF SHORT-TERM AGEING

Static Creep (Long-term Ageing)
1000000
900000
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
0 100 500 1000 2000 3000 3500
control
5% G
5% P
2.5% P 2.5% G
4% P 1% G
1% P 4% G
STATIC CREEP LONG-TERM AGEING
Time (sec)
Permanent deformation x10⁻⁶ mm

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
STATIC CREEP INDEX (CRI)
STATIC INDEX (CRI)
CONTROL 1.00 1.00 1.00
5% GLASS 1.21 0.57 0.43
5% PLASTIC 4.43 1.31 1.16
2.5% GLASS
2.5%PLASTIC
1.62 2.67 1.41
4% PLASTIC 1% GLASS 3.74 1.45 1.56
1% PLASTIC 4% GLASS 1.74 2.64 1.24

Dynamic Creep (Unaged)
DYNAMIC CREEP OF UNAGED
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
control
5% G
5% P
2.5% P 2.5% G
4% P 1% G
1% P 4% G
Cycle

Dynamic Creep (Short-term Ageing)
DYNAMIC CREEP OF SHORT-TERM AGEING SAMPLES
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
control
5% G
5% P
2.5% P 2.5% G
4% P 1% G
1% P 4% G
Cycle

Dynamic Creep (Long-term Ageing)
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
control
5% G
5% P
2.5% P 2.5% G
4% P 1% G
1% P 4% G
Cycle
Permanent deformation x10⁻⁶

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
DYNAMIC CREEP INDEX (DRI)
DYNAMIC INDEX
CONTROL 1.00 1.00 1.00
5% GLASS 1.52 1.45 1.49
5% PLASTIC 2.32 2.85 1.79
2.5% GLASS
2.5%PLASTIC
1.54 3.54 1.80
4% PLASTIC 1% GLASS 1.73 3.08 2.99
1% PLASTIC 4% GLASS 0.85 2.97 0.63

MODELLING ABAQUS
Unaged Samples
4% Glass 1% Plastic
5% PLASTIC

MODELLING ABAQUS
SHORT-TERM AGEING
5% GLASS
2.5% GLASS 2.5% PLASTIC

MODELLING ABAQUS
LONG-TERM AGEING
4% GLASS 1% PLASTIC
1% GLASS 4% PLASTIC

COMPARISON BETWEEN
MODELLING AND
EXPERIMENT
Unaged Short-term ageing Long-term ageing
Mixtures
Exp FEM Error Exp FEM Error Exp FEM Error
(mm) (mm) % (mm) (mm) % (mm) (mm) %
control 0.38 0.38 1.64 0.27 0.29 8.21 0.42 0.43 2.97
5% Glass 0.58 0.60 2.16 0.39 0.39 0.89 0.63 0.63 0.88
5% Plastic 0.76 0.70 7.84 0.23 0.21 7.09 0.76 0.68 10.69
2.5% Plastic 2.5% Glass 0.56 0.55 1.63 0.96 0.82 14.56 0.76 0.65 14.13
4% Plastic 1% Glass 0.65 0.65 0.58 0.83 0.77 7.11 1.25 1.20 4.43
1% Plastic 4% Glass 0.30 0.32 6.80 0.80 0.76 5.78 0.27 0.28 2.98

CONCLUSIONS
 It was found that replacements of 1%
recycled plastics and 4% recycled glass (1%
P + 4% G) show almost similar and
satisfactory result compared to control
sample for all tests.
 The same results can be found, where the
presence of 1%P + 4% G shows consistent
results for short-term and long term ageing
conditions.
 It can be concluded that recycled plastics
and recycled glass, at their optimum
blending, can be considered feasible to be
used as an aggregate replacement in asphalt
mixtures for flexible pavement.

RECOMMENDATIONS
 It is recommend to use 10%, 15% and
20% of recycled materials in future
 Recommend to carry out fatigue,
dynamic test and wheel tracker test for
the performance testing of asphalt
mixture
 Since plastic melt in high temperature,
so it is recommended to use warm mix
asphalt
 Carry out moisture damage test

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