Endocrine Response

Endocrine Response : To Stress and Injury Stress is the ‘wear and tear on the body’… -Hans Selye

The men who STRESSED us: Hans Selye researched the effects of stress on rats and other animals by exposing them to unpleasant or harmful stimuli introduced the stress response mechanism known as General Adaptation Syndrome in 1936

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What is stress?? ,[object Object],[object Object]

Homeostasis ,[object Object],Stress is a departure from homeostasis and caused by stressors .

Stressors include: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Reaction of the body to stress

Type of Stress? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

STRESS!!!!!! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of Stress cont’ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of Stress cont’ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Stress Response ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Three distinctive stages : ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Fight or Flight responses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Stage 2: Stage of resistance (SR) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Resistance Responses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Stage 3: Stage of exhaustion (SE) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Components of Nervous System During the Stress Response ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Hypothalamus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Interaction of hypothalamus with pituitary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Endocrine Response ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fix whatever is causing the stress.

What makes them do it? The kidney itself located just below them ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The hypothalamus and adrenal cortex work together in the resistance phase to replace lost blood volume and send food to damaged cells.

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Flow Diagram of Stress Response

Sympathetic centers in spinal cord Sympathetic nerves Adrenal medulla Visceral factors Epinephrine and norepinephrine Stress responses (Fight-or-flight responses) TSH Thyroid gland Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) Stress responses (Resistance reaction) Key: CRH=Corticotropin-releasing hormone ACTH=Adrenocorticotropic hormone GHRH=Growth hormone-releasing hormone hGH=Human growth hormone TRH=Thyrotropin-releasing hormone TSH=Thyroid-stimulating hormone Stressors (stimulate) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ACTH Adrenal cortex Cortisol hGH Liver IGFs

Major Hormone Changes During Stress Response

Adrenal Insufficiency Vivian A. Fonseca, M.D. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The impact of the nonpeptide corticotropin -Releasing Hormone Antagonist Antalarmin on Behavioral and Endocrine Responses to Stress. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Posttraumatic Inflammation Is a Complex Response Based on the Pathological Expression of the Nervous, Immune, and Endocrine Functional Systems M. A. Aller et al. ,[object Object],[object Object]

What is injury? ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],Accidental/Deliberate Injury Series Of Changes At Site Of Injury & Within The Body Generally Restore The Body To Its Pre-injury Condition

FACTORS MEDIATING THE METABOLIC RESPOSE TO INJURY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Endocrine response to injury ,[object Object],[object Object]

Endocrine Response cont.. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Neuro-endocrine response to injury ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Phases of injury ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Stimuli for neuroendocrine reflex ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Stimuli for neuroendocrine reflex ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Neuro-humoral mediation of the injury response ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A. Hormone under the pituitary control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Arginine vasopressin (hypothalamus ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

B. Hormones under autonomic control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

3. Renin (renal afferent arterioles) – angiotensin (liver) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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7. Insulin like growth hormone –formerly known as somatomedins. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Endocrine Response to injury diagram

The neuroendocrine response (NER) is an essential component of the adaptive process to trauma, brain injury, and major surgery Chiolero R, et al. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury Bondanelli Marta et al. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Growth hormone deficiency occurs in approximately 20% of all individuals who suffer from a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury ,[object Object],[object Object]

Sevoflurane improves the neuroendocrine stress response during laparoscopic pelvic surgery. ,[object Object],[object Object]

Incidence of adrenal insufficiency after severe traumatic brain injury varies according to definition used: clinical implications Bernard Francis et al. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Endocrine Response

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Endocrine Response