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- 1. WWII Part 2 Chapter 28
- 2. The Allied Drive toward Berlin War Aims and Strategy Attacking Hitler and aiding Allies in Europe Attacking Japan was secondary to war in Europe Atlantic Charter U.S., Canada, Great Britain and France No separate peace The North Africa Campaign Axis powers surrendered North Africa in May 1943 Casablanca meeting between FDR and Churchill Combined strategy for war Stalin refused to attend Battle of Atlantic, Combined bombing missions Allies accept unconditional surrender only
- 6. The Battle of Stalingrad
- 8. Battle of Stalingrad August 23, 1942-February 2, 1943 German Casualties 850,000 killed, missing or wounded including 107,000 captured (only 6,000 survived captivity and returned home by 1955) 900 aircraft (including 274 transports and 165 bombers used as transports) 1,500 tanks 6,000 artillery pieces
- 9. Battle of Stalingrad Russian Casualties Approx. 1,150,000 killed, missing or wounded including 478,741 killed and missing 650,878 wounded and sick 40,000 civilians dead 4,341 tanks 15,728 artillery pieces 2,769 combat aircraft “Hugging the Germans” “Rat War”
- 11. Allied Drive Toward Berlin Battle of the Atlantic Radar Breaking German Code Sicily and Italy Allies advanced to Sicily from N. Africa Patton invaded Italy Mussolini removed from power when Rome was captured June 4, 1944
- 14. The Allied Drive toward Berlin The Tehran Conference November 28- December 1, 1943 Held in Soviet Embassy in Teheran Stalin, FDR, Churchill England and U.S. agree to open a 2nd front against the Nazis in Western Europe Agree to move Polish border westward after War Agree to Iranian Independence Agree to Tito’s leadership in Yugoslavia The Strategic Bombing of Europe Ongoing bombing of Germany
- 17. Operation Overlord D-Day Nazi concentration of forces on mainland Europe “Atlantic Wall” June 6, 1944 5,300 ships 370,000 English, American, Free French troops Within 2 weeks: 1 million troops landed in France August 25, 1944: Liberation of Paris Slowing Momentum Gasoline Shortage Delay until resupply
- 18. Leapfrogging in Tokyo MacArthur in New Guinea Battle of Bismarck Sea 8 Japanese troop ships and 10 warships sunk Forced Japan not to resupply islands under attack Island Hopping Saipan: enabled B-29 bombers to reach Japan’s home islands without refueling Philippines landing 10/20/1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf Battles in the Central Pacific Kamikaze attacks
- 20. Battle of the Bulge
- 21. Battle of the Bulge December 16, 1944- January 25, 1945 German name: Operation Watch on the Rhine Allied Casualties American: 89,500 (19,000 killed, 47,500 wounded, 23,000 captured or missing); ~800 tanks British: 1,408 (200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing German Casualties ~100,000 men; 440+ tanks 440+ other tracked AFV; 2,400 aircraft
- 23. A New Age Is Born Roosevelt's Fourth Term November 1944 Roosevelt wins 4th term New VP is Harry Truman Roosevelt’s health declining Converging Military Fronts Battle of the Bulge: December 16, 1944 German resistance crumbles
- 24. A New Age Is Born Yalta and the Postwar World: February 4-11, 1945 Unconditional surrender Soviets join Pacific war after Nazi defeat Demilitarization; Denazification Reparations: German forced labor Dismemberment of Germany Yalta’s Legacy Criticism of Yalta agreement Defacto Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe
- 26. A New Age Is Born FDR Died on April 12, 1945 Truman was not a part of FDR administration post war strategy meetings, did not know about Atomic weapon The Collapse of Nazi Germany Western Allies met Soviet Allies on April 25, 1945 Mussolini killed April 28 Hitler suicide April 30, 1945 May 2, 1945: Fall of Berlin May 7, 1945 German army surrendered
- 29. A New Age Is Born A Grinding War against Japan Battle of Iwo Jima U.S. casualties 27,000 casualties 7,000 killed U.S. population war weary The Atomic Bomb Successful test July 16, 1945 Potsdam Conference August 6, 1945 Hiroshima: 80,00+ civilians killed Demand for unconditional surrender of Japan August 8, 1945: Soviets declare war on Japan August 9, 1945: Nagasaki: 36,000 killed September 2, 945: Japan surrendered
Notas do Editor
- The first American forces would battle the Axis in North Africa, where over 200,000 Germans and Italians would surrender in May 1943. At a meeting at Casablanca, Winston Churchill and FDR would agree that only the unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers would end the war.
- What was the Atlantic Charter? Compare and contrast the alliances in the First World War with those in the Second World War. How were the Germans able to seize most of the Allied territory so quickly?
- What was the Allies’ strategy in North Africa, and why was it important for the invasion of Italy? Why did Eisenhower’s plan on D-day succeed? What was the Battle of the Bulge? What was the role of strategic bombing in the war? Was it effective?
- Major General George S. Patton Patton commanded the U.S. invasion of Sicily, the largest amphibious action in the war up to that point. He believed that war “brings out all that is best in men.”
- At a meeting in Tehran, Iran, FDR, Churchill, and Joseph Stalin agreed that all three would continue to fight until Japan was defeated. Bombing of Germany was a constant event. Americans bombed during the day when the missions had greater accuracy but were more dangerous. The British bombed at night when it was safer. This was not thought of as the British failing to pull their own weight, but as a right earned since they had been involved from the start.
- Operation Overlord General Dwight D. Eisenhower instructing paratroopers before they boarded their airplanes to launch the D-day assault.
- Hitler had concentrated his forces on the areas most likely to be used for an invasion attempt from England. It was up to the Allied forces under Dwight D. Eisenhower to defeat this “Atlantic Wall” in order to invade France. On June 6, 1944, D-Day began. Over 5,300 vessels carried 370,000 soldiers across the English Channel. After two weeks, 1 million troops had landed in France, and on August 25, Paris was liberated. The advances in Europe by Allied forces resulted in a shortage of gasoline. Eisenhower chose to slow down the advance and wait until supply had caught up with demand before beginning another push toward Germany.
- General Douglas MacArthur was the commander of Allied forces in the Pacific charged with retaking the islands for the assault on Japan. At the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, eight Japanese troopships and ten warships were sunk. From this point, Japan chose not to reinforce any island being attacked. This allowed the Allies to attack an island, allow the Japanese forces to stop sending supplies, and then move to the next one. The first island would be allowed to wither and die, while the Allies “leaped” to another one. Admiral Chester Nimitz took the vital island of Saipan in the Marianas Island chain. Saipan was close enough to Japan that B-29 bombers would be able to reach it without risking fuel shortages. The next stop was to retake the Philippines. The army landed on October 20, 1944. Japan, realizing the importance of the raw materials there to its war effort, launched a three-pronged naval assault on the U.S. forces there. At the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the larges naval engagement in history, the Japanese lost most of their remaining naval forces and began to use kamikaze attacks.
- MacArthur’s triumphant return General Douglas MacArthur (center) theatrically coming ashore at the island of Leyte in the Philippines, October 1944.
- The war’s end U.S. soldiers corralling German prisoners of war in 1945.
- The Republicans nominated Thomas Dewey. FDR easily won his party’s nomination. He also won the presidency again. At the Battle of the Bulge, December 16, 1944, German forces counterattacked in a last-chance strike to drive the Allies into the sea. Once defeated, the Germans had little but token resistance to offer the Allies as they poured into Germany.
- At the Yalta Conference in 1945, the Big Three (FDR, Churchill, and Joseph Stalin) met again to discuss the shape of the postwar world. Also, they would address the need for the creation of a new world security organization, which would become the United Nations, to replace the defunct League of Nations. Although many blame the Yalta Conference for recognizing Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, at the time Soviet forces already controlled those areas and only another war would have driven them out.
- FDR did not live to see the end of World War II. He would die on April 12, 1945. Hitler’s Germany would collapse less than a month later. Allied forces from the East would meet with Soviet forces from the west on April 25, and Mussolini would be killed on April 28. Hitler would commit suicide on April 31. On May 2, Berlin fell, and on May 7, the German army surrendered.
- May 8, 1945 The celebration in New York City’s Times Square on V-E day.
- Holocaust survivors U.S. troops encounter survivors of the Nazis’ Wöbbelin concentration camp in Germany, May 1945.
- With the war in Europe over, the battles in Japan took center stage. On February 19, 1945, Marines invaded Iwo Jima, whose only use was that of an emergency landing strip for crippled planes. After 20,000 casualties and 7,000 deaths, the island fell to the Americans. The horrific loss of life in these battles led the government to look for ways other than manpower to end the war. From the start of the war, Hitler had been working on at atomic bomb. FDR had realized this and insisted that the United States had to have it first. By August 1945, the bomb was ready, and Truman ordered it to be used on Japan if it did not surrender before August 3. On August 6, the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, obliterating 80,000 lives in an instant. Two days later, the Soviets would finally declare war on Japan. The next day, August 9, the second atomic bomb would be dropped on the port city of Nagasaki, killing 36,000. Finally, Japan surrendered and the war was over.