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- 1. THE CIVIL WAR Chapter 14
- 2. Regional Advantages • Manufacturing and Industry • Agriculture • Population
- 3. The End of the Waiting Game • Lincoln’s inauguration • Promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed • Declared that the states were in perpetual union • The fall of Fort Sumter • South Carolina declared possession of all federal property besieged Fort Sumter • Neither Buchanan nor Lincoln would permit surrender • Fort Sumter, running low on supplies and bombarded by Confederate forces surrendered on April 13
- 4. America, 8th Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Secession, 1860–1861
- 5. The End of the Waiting Game • Taking sides • Lincoln ordered a blockade of the southern coast • Virginia was the last state to secede • Delaware remained in the Union • Lincoln sent federal troops to Maryland to force it to remain in the Union • West Virginia seceded from Virginia and was admitted to the Union • Lee was asked to lead the Union army but refused choosing his state over the Union • Over 100,000 soldiers who fought for the Union were Southerners by birth
- 6. The End of the Waiting Game • Northern advantages • Manufacturing • Population 5:1 • Confederacy fought a defensive war • Less supplies • Fewer soldiers • Closer to home
- 7. The End of the Waiting Game • The Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) • Decisive Southern victory • Confederates exhausted and did not give chase when Northern forces retreated • Lincoln’s three pronged assault • General Winfield Scott: Anaconda Plan • Blockade southern ports on Atlantic and Gulf coasts • Massive invasion along the Mississippi River to halt Confederate transportation of cotton and tobacco to ports and prevent imports of military materials • Southern Strategy • Win enough battles to secure recognition from a foreign government • Pressure the North to a negotiated peace in which the South gained independence.
- 9. General Winfield Scott Born 1786 in Dinwiddie VA “Old Fuss & Feathers” Fought in War of 1812 Commanding General of the Army Promoted to Lieutenant General Led Force Bill brigade to S.C. Served as Andrew Jackson’s emissary to S.C. in 1831-32 Too old to fight in Civil War, Scott suggested the Anaconda strategy
- 10. The War’s Early Strategies • First Bull Run © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- 11. The War’s Early Course • Confederate diplomacy • Southern colonies courted France • France agreed as long as Great Britain joined them • The west and the Civil War • Idaho, Nevada, Arizona and Montana added to Union • Required protection with Federal troops • Drew men and supplies from war effort
- 12. The War’s Early Course • Two theatres • East and West of Appalachian Mountains • Actions in the western theater
- 13. Campaigns in the West, February-April 1862 © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- 14. Shiloh April, 1862 Shiloh 13,000 Union Soldiers killed & wounded 10,000 Confederate Soldiers killed & wounded
- 15. Anaconda Strategy Continued • Defend Washington D.C. and pressure Richmond • Battle of Seven Pines Gen. Joe Johnston © nearly defeats McClellan (U) • Johnston is seriously wounded and Lee replaces him • 7 Days Battles: Lee forces McClellan to retreat toward Washington D.C. • Naval Blockade • Invade Southern water routes • April 24, 1862 Admiral Farragut takes New Orleans
- 16. The War’s Early Course • McClellan’s peninsular campaign • Amphibious landing on peninsula: where Cornwallis had been defeated in the Revolutionary War • McClellan was reluctant to attack • Within 60 miles of Richmond, McClellan stalled and was replaced by Henry Halleck • Second Bull Run (Second Manassas) • Lee attacked Union forces and drove them back to Washington DC • Lincoln reinstated McClellan • McClellan did not approve of Lincoln • McClellan did not think he should take orders from Lincoln • McClellan was Lincoln’s opponent in the election of 1864 and ran on a “peace” platform
- 17. The Peninsular Campaign, 1862 © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- 18. Pvt. Edwin Jennison Killed in the 7 Days Battles Face of a lost generation
- 19. The War’s Early Course • Antietam (Sharpsburg): September 17, 1862 • 26,000 men killed, wounded or missing • Lee retreats to Virginia
- 20. “We might as well have tried to take hell” Fredericksburg • 12,653 Union solders killed, missing wounded after 14 failed frontal assaults on Confederate lines on Marye’s Heights • Confederate losses: 5,309
- 21. View from Marye’s Heights
- 22. Emancipation Proclamation • Freed all slaves in states in rebellion
- 25. Emancipation • Slaves in the War © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- 26. © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Two Views of the Emancipation Proclamation
- 27. Blacks in the Military © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union Army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy. Nearly 40,000 black soldiers died over the course of the war—30,000 of infection or disease.
- 28. The War behind the Lines • Women and the War © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- 29. Behind the Lines • U.S. Government during the War • Taxes & Greenbacks • Radical Republicans (controlled Congress) • Copperheads • 1864 Democrats nominated General McClellan for President • Victories by Farragut in New Orleans and Sherman in Virginia saved Lincoln’s presidency • Union Finances • 1862 Income Tax • Greenbacks and inflation • Confederate Finances • Property tax to be collected by individual states • Some collected—some did not • Tax evasion and tax fraud • Confederate Government • 6 year term for Davis • Arch Secessionist states refused to cooperate with Confederacy
- 30. Chancellorsville April 30 – May 6, 1863
- 32. Devil’s Den
- 33. Campaigns in the East, 1863 © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- 34. The Faltering Confederacy • Chattanooga • Grant promoted to Lieutenant General and General-in-Chief of all Union forces • Grant placed Sherman in charge of Western Theater • Sherman marched southeast from Tennessee toward Atlanta, GA • Strategy: Destroy South’s ability to make war • The North Prevails • Lee attempted to flee Petersburg after Wilderness battle defeat. Retreat cut off by Union forces, Lee surrender at Appomattox • April 9, 1865 • A Wartime Election
- 35. Grant’s Strategy • Pursuit of Lee • Grant used superiority in manpower • Superiority in war material • Attrition—Grant refused to relent © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- 36. Grant in Virginia, 1864-1865 © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- 37. Sherman’s Campaigns, 1864-65 © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- 38. A Transforming War • The Union Preserved • The first “Modern” War • Unprecedented scope and scale—distant, impersonal and mechanical • 730,000 men killed or injured in Civil War • 50,000 men returned home with one or more limbs missing • 50,000 civilians killed • New technologies of war • War correspondents and newspaper reports, photo journalists • Social Changes Wrought by the War • Women • African Americans
- 39. A Transforming War • The Thirteenth Amendment • January 1865 • Missouri and Tennessee abolished slavery • U.S. House of Representatives passed amendment banning slavery everywhere • 13th amendment ratified by ¾ of reunited states December 18,1865 • The Debate Continues • Has Civil War been resolved? • The “Lost Cause” • Will South ever come to terms with legacy of slavery? • Lee, “…Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources.”