04 ch22evolutionevidence2009
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04 ch22evolutionevidence2009
- 1. Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection AP Biology Dodo bird 2007-2008
- 2. Evidence supporting evolution Fossil record transition species Anatomical record homologous & vestigial structures embryology & development Molecular record protein & DNA sequence Artificial selection human-caused evolution AP Biology
- 3. Fossil record Layers of sedimentary rock contain fossils new layers cover older ones, creating a record over time fossils within layers show that a succession of organisms have populated Earth throughout a long period of time AP Biology
- 5. Fossil record A record showing us that today’s organisms descended from ancestral species AP Biology
- 6. Evolutionary change in horses 550 500 450 Body size (kg) Equus 400 350 300 250 Merychippus 200 150 Mesohippus Hyracotherium 100 50 Nannippus 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 AP Biology Millions of years ago
- 7. Evolution of birds Archaeopteryx lived about 150 mya links reptiles & birds Smithsonian Museum, AP Biology Washington, DC
- 8. Land Mammal ? ? e ? re th re a nal Whe sitio ? tran ils? foss AP Biology
- 9. 2006 Fossil Discovery of Early Tetrapod Tiktaalik “missing link” from sea to land animals AP Biology
- 10. Anatomical record Homologous structures similarities in characteristics resulting from common ancestry AP Biology
- 11. Homologous structures Similar structure Similar development Different functions Evidence of close evolutionary relationship recent common ancestor AP Biology
- 12. Homologous structures spines leaves succulent leaves tendrils needles AP Biology colored leaves
- 13. Analogous structures Separate evolution of structures similar functions similar external form different internal structure & development different origin no evolutionary relationship Don’t be fooled by their looks! Solving a similar problem with a similar solution AP Biology
- 14. Convergent evolution Flight evolved in 3 separate animal groups evolved similar “solution” to similar “problems” analogous structures Does this mean they have a recent common ancestor? AP Biology
- 15. Convergent evolution Fish: aquatic vertebrates Dolphins: aquatic mammals similar adaptations to life in the sea not closely related Those fins & tails & sleek bodies are analogous structures! AP Biology
- 16. Parallel Evolution Convergent evolution in common niches filling similar ecological roles in similar environments, so similar adaptations were selected but are not closely related marsupial mammals placental mammals AP Biology
- 17. Parallel types across continents Niche Placental Mammals Australian Marsupials Burrower Marsupial mole Mole Anteater Anteater Numbat Nocturnal Marsupial mouse insectivore Mouse Climber Spotted cuscus Lemur Glider Sugar glider Flying squirrel Stalking predator Ocelot Tasmanian cat Chasing predator AP Biology Wolf Tasmanian “wolf”
- 18. Vestigial organs Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species deleterious mutations accumulate in genes for non-critical structures without reducing fitness snakes & whales — remains of pelvis & leg bones of walking ancestors eyes on blind cave fish human tail bone This is not LaMarck’s loss AP Biology from “disuse”!
- 19. Vestigial organs Hind leg bones on whale fossils Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures? AP Biology
- 20. Comparative embryology Similar embryological development in closely related species all vertebrate embryos have similar structures at different stages of development gill pouch in fish, frog, snake, birds, human, etc. AP Biology
- 21. Molecular record Comparing DNA & protein structure universal genetic code! DNA & RNA Why compare these genes? compare common genes cytochrome C (respiration) hemoglobin (gas exchange) Human/kangaroo 100 Human/ cow Closely related species have Dog/ cow Nucleotide substitutions 75 Rabbit/ sequences that are more similar rodent Human/rodent 50 Horse/ Llama/ than distantly related species donkey cow Horse/cow Sheep/ DNA & proteins are a molecular DNA & proteins molecular 25 goat Pig/ cow record of evolutionary relationships record evolutionary relationships Goat/cow 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 AP Biology Millions of years ago
- 22. Comparative hemoglobin structure Human Macaque Dog Bird Frog Lamprey Why does comparing amino acid sequence measure evolutionary relationships? 8 32 45 67 125 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Number of amino acid differences between AP Biology hemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that of humans
- 23. Building “family” trees Closely related species (branches) share same line of descent until their divergence from a common ancestor AP Biology
- 24. Artificial selection Artificial breeding can use variations in populations to create vastly different “breeds” & “varieties” “descendants” of wild mustard AP Biology “descendants” of the wolf
- 25. Natural selection in action Insecticide & drug resistance insecticide didn’t kill all individuals resistant survivors reproduce resistance is inherited insecticide becomes less & less effective AP Biology
- 26. "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." -- Theodosius Dobzhansky March 1973 Geneticist, Columbia University (1900-1975) AP Biology 2007-2008
- 27. Evolution is "so overwhelmingly established that it has become irrational to call it a theory." -- Ernst Mayr What Evolution Is 2001 Professor Emeritus, Evolutionary Biology Harvard University (1904-2005) AP Biology 2007-2008
- 28. Don’t be a Dodo… Ask Questions!! AP Biology 2007-2008
Notas do Editor
- increase in size, loss of toes, increase in size of molars 20-25 mya grasslands became widespread in Norh America molars = easer to eat grass hoof = faster locomotion on grassland
- The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx (Alonso et al. 2004) - Archaeopteryx, the earliest known flying bird from the Late Jurassic period, exhibits many shared primitive characters with more basal coelurosaurian dinosaurs (the clade including all theropods more bird-like than Allosaurus), such as teeth, a long bony tail and pinnate feathers. However, Archaeopteryx possessed asymmetrical flight feathers on its wings and tail, together with a wing feather arrangement shared with modern birds. This suggests some degree of powered flight capability but, until now, little was understood about the extent to which its brain and special senses were adapted for flight. Alonso et al. (2004) investigated this problem by computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction of the braincase of the London specimen of Archaeopteryx. A reconstruction of the braincase and endocasts of the brain and inner ear suggest that Archaeopteryx closely resembled modern birds in the dominance of the sense of vision and in the possession of expanded auditory and spatial sensory perception in the ear. Alonso et al. (2004) concluded that Archaeopteryx had acquired the derived neurological and structural adaptations necessary for flight. An enlarged forebrain suggests that it had also developed enhanced somatosensory integration with these special senses demanded by a lifestyle involving flying ability.
- There are innumerable intermediate & transitional forms Whales as land creatures returning to the water…. Where are the intermediate forms of whale ancestors? Cartoon making fun of this idea. The cartoons disappeared 10-12 years ago when this fossil was found. Ambilocetic natans = “Walking whale who likes to swim” 4-5 intermediate forms all found in last 2 decades Indus River valley in between India & Pakistan.
- The evolution of resistance to insecticides in hundreds of insect species is a classic example of natural selection in action. The results of application of new insecticide are typically encouraging, killing 99% of the insects. However, the effectiveness of the insecticide becomes less effective in subsequent applications. The few survivors from the early applications of the insecticide are those insects with genes that enable them to resist the chemical attack. Only these resistant individuals reproduce, passing on their resistance to their offspring. In each generation the % of insecticide-resistant individuals increases.
- Theodosius Dobzhansky: Integrating Genetics and Evolution Theodosius Dobzhansky, a Russian geneticist who moved to the United States, provided laboratory evidence for natural selection and variation where previously there had been only field observation. Dobzhansky's work with Drosophila, or fruit flies, provided new evidence that supported Darwin's theory that natural selection, acting on genetic variation in populations, is a driving force in evolution.
- Born in 1904 in Germany, Mayr trained as a medical student but realized he had a greater passion for studying birds and biology. Emigrating to the United States, he became a curator at the American Museum of Natural History, working on bird classification while formulating his key ideas about evolution. In 1942 he published his most important work, Systematics and the Origin of Species . Mayr moved to Harvard University in 1953 and served as director of the school's Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970. Since then, he has published a number of books and chapters and received the prestigious Japan Prize for Biology in 1983. In his landmark 1942 book, Mayr proposed that Darwin's theory of natural selection could explain all of evolution, including why genes evolve at the molecular level. On the stubborn question of how species originate, Mayr proposed that when a population of organisms becomes separated from the main group by time or geography, they eventually evolve different traits and can no longer interbreed. It's this isolation or separation that creates new species, said Mayr. The traits that evolve during the period of isolation are called "isolating mechanisms," and they discourage the two populations from interbreeding. Moreover, Mayr declared that the development of many new species is what leads to evolutionary progress. "Without speciation, there would be no diversification of the organic world, no adaptive radiation, and very little evolutionary progress. The species, then, is the keystone of evolution."