Next! is a prototype of mobile application that guides you to the next cultural place you could visit, based on geographic and profile info.

1. Next!
Dario Di Nucci, Fabio Palomba, Michele Tufano
University of Salerno
Your next favourite site
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

2. What is Next!?
The scenario based design
Design and development
Usability Testing
Designing Next!
Introducing next!
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

3. INTRODUCING NEXT!
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

4. Challenges of Next!
Better understanding of the cultural values​​, evaluation,
interpretation, ethics and identity inherent the tangible
cultural heritage, intangible and digital.
Challenge
Solution
Tourist can "enter" in the cultural site and can acquire
more sense of belonging and integration with the
place where he stays. This will facilitate national
belonging and foreigners integration.
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

5. What is Next!?
An Android app to support
tourists activities
Next! guess your next
favourite place or look for
places next to your position
An Android app to increase
cultural baggage
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

6. What is Next!?
Next! includes multimedia
information like images and
videos fromYoutube and
other Google apps
Next! includes
historical
informations from
Wikipedia
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

7. Suggests in Next!
Next! “automatically” know what is the
nearest place closest to user interests
Using Search Graph, Next! traces all
sites visited by users
In this way, is easy to suggest the right
next sites for an user
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

8. Next! Navigator
A webGIS provides data to
Next!, allowing the path
building...
In the future, users can
retrieve also parking, foods,
leisure near a place
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

9. DESIGNING NEXT!
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

10. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

11. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
Actually, the only
way to search
points of interest is
to find it on a map...
State of art
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

12. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
There are a lot of apps, but
none of these includes a
complete platform for
touristic info
State of art
None of these uses the historical graph!
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

13. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
1) Tanyel receives information on the place visited
Problem Scenarios
in Next!
2) Nika searches new places to visit
3) Alexandre searches the path for the next site
3 problem scenarios, one for all main
functionalities of Next!
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

14. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
1) An user can receive information on the place visited
2) An user can search new places to visit
3) An user can search the path for the next site
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

15. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
1) Tanyel receives informations
on the place visited
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

16. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
1) Tanyel receives informations
on the place visited
time-saving
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

17. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
1) Tanyel receives informations
on the place visited
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

18. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
1) Tanyel receives informations
on the place visited
Money-saving
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

19. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
1) Tanyel receives informations
on the place visited
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

20. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
1) Tanyel receives informations
on the place visited
Smartphone needed
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

21. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
2) Nika searches new places to visit
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

22. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
2) Nika searches new places to visit
Suggests
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

23. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
2) Nika searches new places to visit
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

24. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
2) Nika searches new places to visit
Time-saving
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

25. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
2) Nika searches new places to visit
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

26. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
3) Alexandre searches the path
for the next site
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

27. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
3) Alexandre searches the path
for the next site
Time-saving
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

28. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
3) Alexandre searches the path
for the next site
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

29. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
New Ideas of Next!
3) Alexandre searches the path
for the next site
GPS needed
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

30. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
PERCEPTION
INTERPRETATION
MAKING SENSE
Simple design & simple
graphic elements for
immediate perception
and interpretation
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

31. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
PERCEPTION
INTERPRETATION
MAKING SENSE
Conceptual division of tasks
Proximity Gestalt Principle
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

32. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
PERCEPTION
INTERPRETATION
MAKING SENSE
Similarity Gestalt Principle
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

33. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
PERCEPTION
INTERPRETATION
MAKING SENSE
Use of “standard” icons
Consistency
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

34. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
SYSTEM GOAL
ACTION PLAN
EXECUTION
Virtuality Principle
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

35. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
SYSTEM GOAL
ACTION PLAN
EXECUTION
Icons suggest goals
to the user
VisualThinking
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

36. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
Informative
feedback
Shortcut
Reduce the load
of short-term
memory
Error
Management
Coherence
CTRL-Z
Dialogs at closing
Intern control
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

37. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
Informative
feedback
Shortcut
Reduce the load
of short-term
memory
Error
Management
Coherence
CTRL-Z
Dialogs at closing
Intern control
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

38. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
Informative
feedback
Shortcut
Reduce the load
of short-term
memory
Error
Management
Coherence
CTRL-Z
Dialogs at closing
Intern control
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

39. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
Informative
feedback
Shortcut
Reduce the load
of short-term
memory
Error
Management
Coherence
CTRL-Z
Dialogs at closing
Intern control
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

40. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
Informative
feedback
Shortcut
Reduce the load
of short-term
memory
Error
Management
Coherence
CTRL-Z
Dialogs at closing
Intern control
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

41. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
Informative
feedback
Shortcut
Reduce the load
of short-term
memory
Error
Management
Coherence
CTRL-Z
Dialogs at closing
Intern control
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

42. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
Informative
feedback
Shortcut
Reduce the load
of short-term
memory
Error
Management
Coherence
CTRL-Z
Dialogs at closing
Intern control
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

43. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
Storyboard
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

44. User Centered Interface Design
Problem
AnalysisUsers
Requirement
Activity
Design
Information
Design
Interaction
Design
Storyboard
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

45. DEMO
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

46. USABILITY
TESTING
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

47. Why?
“Usability is like oxygen. You
don’t notice it until it’s missing”
Usability and the bottom line [Donahue]
“1 $ spent in usability results in a
return of 30.25 $“
Usability is good business [Donahue et al.]
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

48. Usability Testing Design
Goals
Efficacy
Comprehension
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

49. Usability Testing Design
Problems to solve
How verify usability?
How select users?
How measure usability?
How define oracles?
How define tasks?
How organize
tasks?
How define usability lab?
When perform usability
testing?
How control the results?
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

50. Usability Testing Design
On Which Version of Next!?
Next! 1.0
Surely, on the prototype of Next!
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

51. Usability Testing Design
How Verify Usability?
Use more than one technique!
Nielsen’sTen Usability Heuristics
Task Analysis
Empirical evaluation choosing a competitor
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

52. Usability Testing Design
How Verify Usability?
Use more than one technique!
Nielsen’sTen Usability Heuristics
Task Analysis
Empirical evaluation choosing a competitor
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

53. Usability Testing Design
How Verify Usability?
Use more than one technique!
Nielsen’sTen Usability Heuristics
Task Analysis
Empirical evaluation choosing a competitor
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

54. Usability Testing Design
How Define Tasks?
Problem
Analysis
1) Tanyel receives information on the place visited
2) Nika searches new places to visit
3) Alexandre searches the path for the next site
3 tasks, one for all main
functionalities of Next!
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

55. Usability Testing Design
How Measure Usability?
NOS
Number of steps taken by
the user in performing a task
S/T
Seconds required by the
user to perform a task
E/T
Errors made by the user in
performing a task
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

56. Usability Testing Design
How Define Oracles?
Metric Name Oracle defined by
NOS (Number of Steps) Interface designer
S/T (Seconds for Task) Interface designer
E/T (Errors for Task) Pilot Test
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

57. Usability Testing Design
How Select Users?
10 Utenti Novice
10 Utenti Expert
Users who have never used
a smartphone
Users expert in the use
of smartphone
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

58. Usability Testing Design
How Verify Usability?
Use more than one technique!
Nielsen’sTen Usability Heuristics
Task Analysis
Empirical evaluation choosing a competitor
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

59. Choosing the Competitor
Usability Testing Design
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

60. Choosing the Competitor
Google Maps...Why?
Google Maps is the one that
allows to execute every
tasks selected in the
Usability Design
Usability Testing Design
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

61. Experimental Design
We evaluated Google Maps using the same
metrics of Next!
NOS
Number of steps taken by
the user in performing a task
S/T
Seconds required by the
user to perform a task
E/T
Errors made by the user in
performing a task
Usability Testing Design
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

62. Experimental Design
To reduce the conditionating
factor we used the Within
Group Design
5 Novice users and 5 Expert
users began testing Google
Maps
Usability Testing Design
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

63. Usability Testing Design
Organizing tasks
Pre-execution
Execution
Post-
execution
1) Informative consent
2) Pre-execution survey
3) Task list
4) Comprehension survey
NOS
S/T
E/T
Usability Testing Design
Within group design
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

64. Usability Testing Design
Organizing tasks
Pre-execution
Execution
Post-
execution
1) Informative consent
2) Pre-execution survey
3) Task list
4) Comprehension survey
HOW STORE USER
EXPERIENCE?
NOS
S/T
E/T
Usability Testing Design
Within group design
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

65. Usability Testing Design
Organizing tasks
Pre-execution
Execution
Post-
execution
1) Informative consent
2) Pre-execution survey
3) Task list
4) Comprehension survey
THINK ALOUD WITH
feedback REPORTS
NOS
S/T
E/TWithin group design
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

66. Usability Testing Design
Test Execution Plan
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

67. TEST RESULTS
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

68. Usability Testing Results
Demographic Analysis
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

69. Demographic Analysis
Usability Testing Results
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

70. Usability Testing Results
How Verify Usability?
Use more than one technique!
Nielsen’sTen Usability Heuristics
Task Analysis
Empirical evaluation choosing a competitor
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

71. Usability Testing Results
Nielsen’s Ten Usability Heuristics
Visibility of system status
Match between system and real world (Speaking user language)
User control and freedom (No too long actions, no unwanted actions)
Consistency and standards
Error prevention (CRTL-Z...)
Recognize rather than recall (Simple layout)
Efficiency and flexibility (Shortcut keys)
Simple and natural communication (Minimalist design)
Help users recognize and recover from errors (Natural language for errors)
Help and documentation
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

72. Usability Testing Results
Nielsen’s Ten Usability Heuristics
Visibility of system status
Match between system and real world (Speaking user language)
User control and freedom (No too long actions, no unwanted actions)
Consistency and standards
Error prevention (CRTL-Z...)
Recognize rather than recall (Simple layout)
Efficiency and flexibility (Shortcut keys)
Simple and natural communication (Minimalist design)
Help users recognize and recover from errors (Natural language for errors)
Help and documentation
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

73. Usability Testing Results
How Verify Usability?
Use more than one technique!
Nielsen’sTen Usability Heuristics
Task Analysis
Empirical evaluation choosing a competitor
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

74. Performance Analysis - S/T
Usability Testing Results
Oracle: 40 secondsMean: 46.44 seconds
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

75. Performance Analysis - E/T
Usability Testing Results
Oracle:1Mean: 1.40
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

76. Performance Analysis - NOS
Usability Testing Results
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

77. User Feedbacks for Comprehension
Usability Testing Results
3 Novice users wondered:
“What is this icon?”
“What is the functionality?”
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

78. User Feedbacks for Comprehension
Usability Testing Results
4 Expert users declared
that this item is not in
the right screen
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

79. User Feedbacks for Comprehension
Usability Testing Results
7 Novice users and 2
Expert users declared
that this icon is not
comprehensible
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

80. Usability Testing Results
How Verify Usability?
Use more than one technique!
Nielsen’sTen Usability Heuristics
Task Analysis
Empirical evaluation choosing a competitor
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

81. Experimental Results
Experimental Evaluation
Unique Navigation Paths, either for Next!
and Google Maps
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

82. Experimental Results
Experimental Evaluation
But...S/T is directly proportional to NOS
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

83. Experimental Results
Experimental Evaluation
Google Maps interface is more confused
than the Next! interface
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

84. Confirm Experimental Results
Experimental Evaluation
We had to prove that the test results were not
casually derived, applying the One Tail t-test
One Tail t-test is applicable only if you are a
normal distribution of data and the equality of
variances
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

85. Confirm Experimental Results
Experimental Evaluation
Property Test Passed
Normal distribution
of data
Shapiro-Wilk test
Equality of variances Bartlett test
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

86. Confirm Experimental Results
Experimental Evaluation
ID Hypothesis
Hs/t-0 mean(s/tNEXT) = mean(s/tGMAPS)
Hs/t-1 mean(s/tNEXT) > mean(s/tGMAPS)
Hypothesis 1
ID Hypothesis
HNOE-0 mean(e/tNEXT) = mean(e/tGMAPS)
HNOE-1 mean(e/tNEXT) < mean(e/tGMAPS)
Hypothesis 2
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

87. ID T p-value
Hs/t-0 3.9694 0.0001981
HNOE-0 -1.8431 0.03517
Confirm Experimental Results
Experimental Evaluation
p-value = 0.05
Null hypothesis was rejected, so
we confirmed the test results!
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

88. Conclusions and Future Works
We are on the right way
We have to resolve the problems encountered by users,
testing different icons or different layouts, and then we have
to repeat the usability testing, documentation design!
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

89. Conclusions and Future Works
We have to implement QR functionality
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

90. Conclusions and Future Works
We’ll submit our project to upXapp contest in
few days
mercoledì 12 giugno 13

91. Thank you!
Questions and/or
comments
Dario Di Nucci d.dinucci@studenti.unisa.it
Fabio Palomba f.palomba3@studenti.unisa.it
Michele Tufano m.tufano10@studenti.unisa.it
mercoledì 12 giugno 13