3. Propiedades de los sistemas
vivientes
Materia
Energía
Información
SISTEMA
VIVIENTE
(CÉLULA U
ORGANISMO)
Tienden a mantener desequilibrios
electroquímicos y termodinámicos
(G 0)
Tratan de mantener la homeostasis
interna y con relación al medio que lo
rodea
Propiedades:
Complejo
Independiente
Altamente organizado
Con redes inter-relacionadas de
reacciones fisicoquímicas (metabolismo)
Capaz de crecer y reproducirse
Son sistemas que tienden
a la mínima entropía
4. Aspectos que estudian la Biología Celular y la
Bioquímica en los sistemas vivientes
• Composición química
• Organización
– Molecular
– Supramolecular (ensamblajes)
– Celular
• Metabolismo y funcionamiento
– Regulación
– Alteraciones
• Aplicaciones del conocimiento
– Salud (humana, vegetal, animal)
– Producción (industrial, agropecuaria)
– Tecnologías (bioinformática, bioelectrónica)
7. Premios Nobel de Química
Algunos de los últimos laureados
han realizado sus trabajos sobre
problemas de la biología
8. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012
Robert J. Lefkowitz, Brian K. Kobilka
"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
9. El premio Nobel de Química 2009
“por estudios de la estructura y función del ribosoma”
Venkatraman
Ramakrishnan
United Kingdom
MRC Laboratory of
Molecular Biology
Cambridge, United
Kingdom
b. 1952
(in Chidambaram, Tamil
Nadu, India)
Thomas A. Steitz
USA
Yale University
New Haven, CT, USA;
Howard Hughes Medical
Institute
b. 1940
Ada E. Yonath
Israel
Weizmann Institute of
Science
Rehovot, Israel
b. 1939
10. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008
"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent
protein, “GFP”
Osamu Shimomura
USA (1928)
Martin Chalfie
USA (1947)
Roger Y. Tsien
USA (1952)
The green fluorescent protein GFP consists of 238 amino acids, linked
together in a long chain. This chain folds up into the shape of a beer
can.
Inside the beer can structure the amino acids 65, 66 and 67 form the
chemical group that absorbs UV and blue light, and fluoresces green.
11. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006
"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic
transcription"
Roger D. Kornberg
USA (1947)
Figure 1. The transcription process
as depicted by Roger Kornberg in
2001. RNA-polymerase in white,
DNA-helix in blue and the growing
RNA-strand in red.
12. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
Aaron
Ciechanover
Israel (1947)
Avram Hershko
Israel (1937)
Irwin Rose
USA (1926)
Fig. Ubiquitin-mediated protein
degradation
13. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003
"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes"
Peter Agre
USA (1949)
"for the
discovery of
water channels"
Roderick MacKinnon
USA (1956)
"for structural and
mechanistic studies
of ion channels
Fig. 2. The KcsA K+ channel. Fully or
partially hydrated potassium ions
(blue) are seen just below and above
the selectivity filter.
14. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002
"for the development of methods for identification
and structure analyses of biological macromolecules"
John B. Fenn
USA (1917)
Kurt Wüthrich
Switzerland
(1938)
Koichi Tanaka
Japan (1959)
"for their development of soft desorption
ionisation methods for mass spectrometric
analyses of biological macromolecules"
"for his development of nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy for
determining the three-dimensional
structure of biological
macromolecules in solution"
Structure of prion protein,
determined with NMR. Half of the
protein chain (23-120) is disordered
and quite flexible in water solution.