4. GEOGRAPHICAL >>
Egypt consists of
a narrow strip of
fertile, alluvial soil
along both banks
of the
NILE, flanked by
shelves of barren
land and rugged
cliffs, beyond
which lie
arid, desert
plateau.

5. copper
Gigantic
scale pyramid stone
tin

6.  Egypt has only TWO seasons, SPRING and
SUMMER. The climate is warm; snow is
unknown, rain is rare and thus contributed
to the preservation of buildings.
 *The ROOF was not an important
consideration, and flat roofs of stone slabs
sufficed to cover the buildings, and exclude
the heat.

7.  The Egyptian civilization is among the most
social and industrial conditions in Egypt were
largely determined by the inflexible rule of an
omnipotent government, which while
employing large staffs of trained craftsmen
continuously, levied vast armies of laborers for
the erection of monumental buildings when
the annual floods made agriculture
impossible. Prisoners of war were also turned
on to the same work.

8.  Craftsmanship was very highly
developed, particularly in the royal
workshops, and the Egyptians attained great
skill in weaving , glass blowing, pottery-
turning, metal-working and in making musical
instruments, jewelry and furniture.

9.  The kings of ancient Egypt are known as
PHARAOHS, are silhouetted against the
mysterious desert background; sometimes
they appear as GODS and DEMI-GODS
, often as mystery PRIESTS, generally as
BUILDERS, but rarely as fathers of their
people.

10.  The religious rights of the Egyptians were traditional, virtually
unchangeable, and mysterious. The religion was
MONOTHEISTIC in theory , but POLYTHEISTIC in practice
through the cult of many gods representing natural
phenomena and the heavenly bodies, such as sun, moon, and
stars, and by the worship of animals as personifications of
gods.
 In EGYPT there was no dividing line between gods and kings;
no need for the doctrine of the divine right of the kings; for
kings were ranked, both by themselves and by their people, as
actual divinities.
 *The religious attitude is typified in the two predominant types
of buildings, the SOLEMN & MYSTERIOUS TEMPLES of the
GODS and the ENDURING PYRAMIDS of the early kings

11. GODS OSIRIS
GOD
OF
DEATH

12. GODS ISIS

13. GODS HORUS
THE
SKY-GOD

14. GODS HATHOR

15. GODS SET
GODDESS
OF
EVIL

16. GODS SERAPIS
THE
BULL-
GOD

17.  The surface decoration of
the masonry walls is also
held to have been derived
from the practice of
scratching pictures on the
early mud-plaster walls,
which manifestly did not
lend themselves to
modeled or projecting
ornament, though their
flat and windowless
surfaces were eminently HIEROGLYPHICS
suitable for relief and
explanatory hieroglyphs.

18. LOTUS
Papyrus bud
Flower/ design
 Egyptian columns have
distinctive character and a
very large proportion of them
plainly advertise their
vegetable origin, their
SHAFTS indicative of bundles
of plant stems, gathered in a
little at the base, and with
capitals seemingly derived
from the lotus bud, the
papyrus flower or the
ubiquitous palm. Papyrus bud
LOTUS
Flower/ design

19.  Egyptian
monumental <- TRABEATED
architecture, which is
essentially a
COLUMNAR and
TRABEATED style, is
expressed mainly in <- COLUMN
pyramids and other
tombs in temples.

20. DOORWAY IN PYLON HOSIRIS PILLARS

21.  Egyptian temples
approached by
impressive avenues of
SPHINXES – or mythical
monsters each with the
body of a lion and a
head of a
man, hawk, ram, or a
woman-possess in their
massive pylons, great
courts, hypostyle
halls, inner sanctuaries
and dim secret rooms.
SPHINX
73.15 M. LONG
20.12 M. HIGH

22.  PYLON-
monumental
gateway to an
Egyptian temple
consisting with
slanting walls
flanking the
entrance portal,
covering a burial
chamber below
ground.

23. WHOLE IMAGE OF PYLON

25.  The Pyramids of Giza are the most famous
monuments of ancient Egypt. These massive
stone structures were built around 4500
years ago on a rocky desert plateau close to
the Nile.The pyramids epitomize ancient
Egypt, yet the biggest were constructed
during a short span of time early in a
civilization that was to last almost three
millennia

26.  . The first large pyramid
in Egypt was the Step
Pyramid for the king
Djoser. Essentially six
stacked mastabas (tomb
structures) of decreasing
size, it was a major
achievement and is the
world's oldest known
monumental stone
structure. It was built at
Saqqara, about 15
kilometers from Giza.

27. PYRAMIDS
KING DJOSER/ZOSER

28. PYRAMIDS IMHOTEP
Egyptian architect, chief magician at
the Pharaoh's court, vizier, sage and astrologer.
About 100 years after his death, he was elevated
to a medical demigod. About 2000 years later, he
was elevated to a full deity. Imhotep is together
with Amenhotep the only Egyptian humans ever
defined as full gods.

29. PYRAMIDS

30. THE GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
PYRAMIDS
 The greatest achievements
of the pyramid builders
were the Pyramids of
Giza, built near the capital
city of Memphis for the
fourth dynasty kings
Khufu, Khafre and
Menkaure who ruled
through 2589-2504
BCE. But pyramid building
soon waned as the power
and prosperity of the kings
of Egypt weakened with the
end of the Old Kingdom.

31. PYRAMIDS THE GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
The Great Pyramid of
Khufu at Giza is the
largest of the
pyramids of ancient
Egypt. Khufu ruled
about 2589-2566 BCE
when the Old
Kingdom of Egypt
was nearing a peak of
prosperity and
culture. His pyramid
is astonishing for both
its size and
mathematical
precision.

32. PYRAMIDS THE GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
Map of the Giza
necropolis

33. PYRAMIDS INSIDE THE PYRAMID OF KHUFU
From an entrance just above
the base of the Great
Pyramid, a cramped
Ascending Passage climbs for
36 meters up through the solid
stone core to a towering
Grand Gallery. This climbs
another 46 meters to reach
the King's Chamber and an
empty sarcophagus in the
heart of this colossal
pyramid. The enormous
weight that bears down on the
King's Chamber is dissipated
by a series of ingenious stress-
relieving chambers and
massive granite beams built
above it.

34. PYRAMIDS INSIDE THE PYRAMID OF KHUFU
The King's Chamber in
the heart of the Great
Pyramid holds an empty
stone sarcophagus.
The Ascending Passage Grand Gallery

35. PYRAMIDS Purpose of the Egyptian pyramids
The people of ancient Egypt believed that death
on Earth was the start of a journey to the next
world. The embalmed body of the king was
entombed underneath or within the pyramid to
protect it and allow his transformation and
ascension to the afterlife, and a place among the
gods.
Each of the Giza Pyramids formed part of a
pyramid complex that included an adjoining
mortuary temple where rituals for the dead king
and for the Egyptian gods may have been carried
out. A causeway ran to a lower temple near the
Nile floodplain that acted as an entrance to the
One of several cedarwood boats buried
complex. The complex around the Great
Pyramid of Khufu also included three minor close to the Great Pyramid of
pyramids for his queens, pits for funerary boats Khufu. They may have been used
and numerous mastaba tombs for the royal during Khufu's funeral, or intended as
family and officials. solar boats to transport the king in the
afterlife.

36. PYRAMIDS How Pyramids were made?
An estimated 20,000 to 30,000
workers built the Pyramids at Giza
over 80 years. Much of the work
probably happened while the River
Nile was flooded.
Huge limestone blocks could be
floated from quarries right to the
base of the Pyramids. The stones
would likely then be polished by
hand and pushed up ramps to their
intended positions.

37. PYRAMIDS How Pyramids were made?
An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 workers built
the Pyramids at Giza over 80 years. Much of
the work probably happened while the River
Nile was flooded.
Huge limestone blocks could be floated from
quarries right to the base of the Pyramids.
The stones would likely then be polished by
hand and pushed up ramps to their intended
positions.
It took more than manual labor, though.
Architects achieved an accurate pyramid
shape by running ropes from the outer
corners up to the planned summit, to make
sure the stones were positioned correctly.
And priests-astronomers helped choose the
pyramids' sites and orientations, so that they
would be on the appropriate axis in relation to
sacred constellations.

39.  Temples were found everywhere in ancient Egypt as a
place to worship their endless pantheon of major and
minor gods, and to worship their pharaoh as their god.
Each city had a temple built for the god of that city,
which acted as a cosmic center by which men had
communication with the gods.
 Not for public worshiping.
 Only the Pharaohs as the priest, and the one he
appointed as substitute, are allowed into the innermost
chamber and perform the rituals inside.

40. Types of Temples
 Mortuary temples
-Built to honor a deceased pharaoh and
often worship them as a god.
 Cult temples
-For the popular worship of the ancient
and mysterious gods.

41. Examples:
 The Great Temple of Ammon,
Karnak
-the grandest of all Egyptian
temples, was not built upon
one complete plan but owes it
size, disposition and
magnificence to the work of
many kings.

42. TEMPLE OF AMMON,KARNAK

43. Hypostyle Hall

44.  The Great Temple of Abu-Simbel
- is one of the rock-hewn temples at this place
commanded by the indefatigable Rameses II.
- also known as the “Temple of Rameses”.
-they finished constructing it after 20 years.
- 36m(119ft.) wide, 32m(105ft.) high, and the
statue in front of the temple, the Colossus
Statue of Rameses II, measures 20m(65ft.)
high.

45. The Great Temple of Abu-Simbel

46.  Temple of Khons (Cult temple)
-It is dedicated to the moon god Khonsu.
- The gateway of this temple is at the end of
the avenue of sphinxes.

47. Temple of Khons (Cult temple)

48. TOPVIEW
TOPVIEW

49. SIDEVIEW

50.  OBELISKS
-called TEJEN in the sacred language of the ancient
Egyptians, was a term which was synonymous with
"protection" or "defense." The needle of stone had the
function of perforating the clouds and dispersing
negative forces that always threaten to accumulate, in
the form of visible storms or invisible ones, and was
placed over the temple as a symbol of a petrified ray.
-it is usually stood in pairs astride temple entrance, are
huge monoliths square on plan and tapering to an
electrum-capped pyramidion at the summit, which
was the sacred part. They have a height of nine or ten
times the diameter at the base, and the four sides are
cut with hieroglyphics.

51. OBELISK

53. INTRODUCTION
The history of Pharonic Egypt spans nearly 3 millennia, starting
around 3100 BC. Major accomplishments were achieved during 3
periods: the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms which lasted roughly
500 years (2700-2200 BC), 200 years (2000-1800 BC), and 500 years
(1600-1100 BC). These periods were interrupted by intermediate
periods where loss of central authority or foreign invasion led to
decline.
The ancient Egyptian civilization changed dramatically over these
1600 years, and many of these changes are reflected in how the
tombs of the Kings and Queens, Nobleman, and Workers were
built and decorated.

56. The Royal Tombs
The mastaba was the earliest and simplest tomb structure. It consisted of a single
elevated platform and was built of mud-brick. These structures were not
particularly elaborate and were not decorated.Meaning "house for eternity" or
"eternal house"
The above-ground structure was rectangular in shape, had sloping sides, a flat
roof, was about four times as long as it was wide, and rose to at least 30 feet in
height. The mastaba was built with a north-south orientation. This above ground
structure had space for a small offering chapel equipped with a false door to
which priests and family members brought food and other offerings for the soul
of the deceased. A second hidden chamber called a "serdab" from
the Persian word for “cellar, housed a statue of the deceased that was hidden
within the masonry for its protection. High up the walls of the serdab were small
openings. These openings “were not meant for viewing the statue but rather for
allowing the fragrance of burning incense, and possibly the spells spoken in
rituals, to reach the statue.

57. The Tombs of the Noblemen
The noblemen (the ranking government officials) and high
priests had decidedly more modest tombs. In the Old
Kingdom, while pyramids were being built for kings, the
noblemen were buried in mastabas. These mastabas were
decorated with non-religious scenes depicting the daily life
and official duties of the Association of afterlife in the
company of Gods was reserved for the kings. The noblemen's
tombs served more as a place where offering for the
deceased can be made

58. The Tombs of the Workers
A special type of tombs known from the New Kingdom are those of the
workers who built the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings. Although
these were people of limited resources, they were well-equipped and
skilled in tomb building. Because of their valued contribution to the royal
families and noble elite to tomb construction, they were permitted to
build their own "house of eternity". The tombs of the workers were
notably more modest than those of the kings or noblemen - typically 1/5
the size of the noblemen's tombs which themselves were 1/5 the size of
the kings. In architecture, a crypt meaning concealed, private is a stone
chamber or vault beneath the floor of a burial vault possibly
containing sarcophagi, coffins or relics.

69. Egyptian sphinxes
The largest and most famous is
the Great Sphinx of Giza, sited at
the Giza Plateau on the west
bank of the Nile River and facing
due east (29°58′31″N 31°08′15″E).
It is also from the same dynasty.
Although the date of its
construction is uncertain, the
head of the Great Sphinx now is
believed to be that of the
pharaoh Khafra.
The Great Sphinx has become an
emblem of Egypt, frequently
appearing on its stamps, coins,
and official documents.

70. Carved from the bedrock of the Giza plateau, the Sphinx is truly a
mysterious marvel from the days of ancient Egypt. The body of a
lion with the head of a king or god, the sphinx has come to
symbolize strength and wisdom.
From the north side profile of the Sphinx reveals the proportion of
the body to the head. It would appear as though the head is small
in proportion to the body. Because of the changing dessert
terrain, the body of the Sphinx has been buried several times over
the past several thousand years. Most recently n 1905, the sand
has been cleared away to expose the magnitude and beauty of the
entire Sphinx. The paws themselves are 50 feet long(15m) while
the entire length is 150 feet(45m). the head is 30feet(10m) long
and 14feet(4) wide.