Chapter 6 Ppp1

Memory Processes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Three Stages of Memory ,[object Object],Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal

Sensory Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sensory Input Sensory Memory

Sensory Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sensory Input Sensory Memory

Sensory Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],Sensory Input Sensory Memory

Sensory Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Short Term or Working Memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention

Short-Term Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention

Maintenance Rehearsal ,[object Object],Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Maintenance Rehearsal

Chunking ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Long-Term Memory ,[object Object],Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal

Long-Term Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal

Long-Term Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal

Automatic vs. Effortful Encoding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Automatic vs. Effortful Encoding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of Long-Term Memory ,[object Object],[object Object]

Explicit Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Explicit Memory ,[object Object],[object Object]

Episodic Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Semantic Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Semantic Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Implicit Memory ,[object Object],[object Object]

Procedural Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

How are memories organized? ,[object Object]

Semantic Network Model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Semantic Network Model Red Fire House Cherry Apple Rose Pear Ambulance Fire Engine Truck Bus Car Flower Violet Hot Pot Stove Pan Pie

Review of Long-term Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal

Why do we forget? ,[object Object],Retrieval from long-term memory Depending on interference, retrieval cues, moods, and motives, some things get retrieved, some don’t Long-term storage Some items are altered or lost Short-term memory A few items are both noticed and encoded Sensory memory The senses momentarily register amazing detail

Forgetting as retrieval failure ,[object Object],[object Object],Retrieval failure leads to forgetting Retrieval X Encoding Short-term memory Long-term memory

Tip of the tongue phenomenon ,[object Object],[object Object]

Measures of Retrieval ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Encoding Specificity ,[object Object],[object Object]

Encoding Specificity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Flashbulb Memories ,[object Object],[object Object]

Memory Distortion ,[object Object],[object Object]

Eyewitness Testimony ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Eyewitness Testimony ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Loftus Experiment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Accident Leading question: “ About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” Memory construction

Loftus Results Word Used in Question Average Speed Estimate smashed collided bumped hit contacted 41 m.p.h. 39 m.p.h. 38 m.p.h. 34 m.p.h. 32 m.p.h.

The Forgetting Curve Hermann Ebbinghaus first began to study forgetting using nonsense syllables Nonsense syllables are three-letter combinations that look like words but are meaningless (ROH, KUF)

Forgetting Theories ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Forgetting as encoding failure ,[object Object],Encoding X Long-term memory Encoding failure leads to forgetting Short-term memory

Which is the real penny? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

Answer (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o)

Encoding Failures ,[object Object]

Interference Theories ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Two Types of Interference Types of Interference Retroactive Interference Proactive Interference

Retroactive Interference ,[object Object],[object Object]

Retroactive Interference ,[object Object],F- French 101 Mid-term exam Study French papier livre plume école Study Spanish papel libro pluma escuela retroactive interference

Proactive Interference ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Motivated Forgetting ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Decay Theories ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Average percentage of information retained 20 mins 1 hr 8 hrs 24 hrs 2 days 6 days 31 days Interval between original learning of nonsense syllables and memory test 100%

Decay Theories ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Biological Basis of Memory Karl Lashley searched for a localized memory trace or engram Found that maze-learning in rats was distributed throughout the brain

Biological Basis of Memory ,[object Object]

New Memories in a Snail ,[object Object]

Amnesia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Chapter 6 Ppp1

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Chapter 6 Ppp1