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Theodore payne 2013 - lecture notes
1.
5/6/2013 1 © Project SOUND Out
of the Wilds and Into Your Garden Gardening with California Native Plants in Western L.A. County Project SOUND – 2013 (our 9th year) © Project SOUND Theodore Payne: the legacy of a CA native plantsman C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve Madrona Marsh Preserve May 4 & 7, 2013 Theodore Payne: a man of (and ahead of) his time The man – his personal history The context: the historical and cultural context of his life and activities His legacy Physical legacy Spiritual legacy © Project SOUND TPF Archive - Archives and Collections Currently being evaluated: not yet available; will be on-line Included are: Personal papers of Theodore Payne dating from 1893 to 1963; Business records from 1903 including sales ledgers, catalogues of plants and seeds for sale, planting plans, photographs and plant lists; Professional communications with notable clients, seed businesses in US/Europe; Payne's writing focusing on S. CA native plants, their location and care; Commentary about his participation in the establishment of major public and private gardens; published papers on urban development in S. California. Additional papers relate to the activities of the Theodore Payne Foundation (TPF) since its founding in 1960. Assorted private papers and collections given to TPF, yet to be evaluated. © Project SOUND
2.
5/6/2013 2 Theodore Payne was
a man who loved plants: he was passionate about plants (and particularly native plants) his entire life © Project SOUND Theodore Payne: the early years 1872 - Born in Northamptonshire, England - June 19, 1982. Father dies when he is very young – never really knew him Shares love of plants with mother, who had studied botany; mother died when he was 12 Active during boarding school years in botanical society; made collection of pressed plants. 1888 - Apprenticed to a nursery firm at age 16 for thorough training in nursery and seed business. – guaranteed a job once completed © Project SOUND http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~engcbanb/families/hartwell/03.htm http://www.widecow.com/days-out-northamptonshire?see=all-days-out Apprenticeship at J. Cheal & Sons Old, respected nursery firm (still around today) – probably difficult to get the position & family paid for it Learned all aspects of nursery trade: Propagation Nursery/garden management Garden design & installation Business aspects, including doing flower shows, etc. 1891 - Saw large display of California native plants at The Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew in England. After three years, in 1893, Payne completed his contract © Project SOUND http://europeanastatic.eu/api/image?type=TEXT&uri=h ttp%3A%2F%2Fbhl.ait.co.at%2Ftemplates%2Fbhle%2 Fsampledata%2FcachedImage.php%3FmaxSize%3D 200%26filename%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversi tylibrary.org%2Fpagethumb%2F21206919&size=FULL _DOC Payne comes to the U.S. - 1893 He arrived in New York, traveled to Chicago where he visited the World's Columbian Exhibition, then set out for Los Angeles, California. Upon arriving in California in 1893, worked for a week picking apricots, then found a job in charge of the gardens at the ranch of Madame Helena Modjeska in Santiago Canyon in Orange County, California. At first was nervous – he’d been told it was ‘wild’; but it was there that he began his lifelong interest in California native plants, exploring the extensive natural areas surrounding the Ranch. © Project SOUND http://dissenttheblog.blogspot.com/2009/05/some-cool-old-oc- photographs.html
3.
5/6/2013 3 Life at ‘Arden’
Lots of work in the gardens – even irrigation was a major issue Still time to get out and explore His memoir, Life on the Modjeska Ranch in the Gay Nineties , offers the best account of daily life there. © Project SOUND http://smrpd.org/2011/03/ladd-canyon/ http://www.caopenspace.org/modjeska.html http://www.ocregister.com/articles/docent-496295-modjeska-guests.html Theodore Payne and Matilija Poppies Madame Modjeska encouraged him to use native plants in her gardens Matilija poppies were growing in this area when Mr. Payne lived on the Ranch. He tried valiantly to grow them at the request of Mr. Bozenta, as he called him. He was not successful and it wasn't until later that he learned if he had burned some straw or dried grass over the ground, he would have been successful in germinating the seed. © Project SOUND http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page The poppy fascinated him, and in later years he collected the seed for exporting to Europe. 1898: Begins work more closely related to his career ambitions & training At Madam Mojeska’s insistence, he had successfully domesticated a number of wildflowers for the ranch garden. Payne left the Mojeska Ranch with a new interest in California native plants and a special reverence for the rich variety of wildflowers he was discovering in his adopted home. In 1898, Payne left the ranch for a position with the Germain Seed Company. He remained with this firm for five years, becoming head of the seed department. © Project SOUND Germain Seed & Plant Co. – 1889-1957 Founded by Eugene Germain in the early 1870′s (as Germain Fruit Co.) Location: 326-330 S. Main; Los Angeles based until the 1980’s The firm later exported callas, freesias, amaryllis, cannas, other bulb plants. By 1884, the firm was exclusively in the seed business, selling seeds in the U.S. & abroad. A 1900 catalog listed tree seeds including unusual species, many succulent plants, as well as flower seeds. © Project SOUND http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/special/rarity/arch1.htm
4.
5/6/2013 4 Germain’s was a good
place to learn How to run a seed business in S. California What seeds people were interested in buying The need to teach gardeners the basics How to write an informative catalog The importance of advertising Also made useful European contacts on his sales & buying trips abroad © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://imgzoom.cdlib.org/Fullscreen.ics?ark=ark:/13030/hb8489p4z1/z1&&brand=calisphere Germain Seed Co. –– some surprising offerings in the 1905 Catalog Abronia umbellata Collinsia bicolor Delphinium cardinales Delphinium parryi Emmenanthe penduliflora Eschhoztzia Gilia tricolor Clarkia rubicunda & amoena Helianthus californica Lathyrus splendens Lavatera trimestris Layia platyglossa (calliglossa) Limnanthes douglasii Lobelia cardinalis Lupinus nanus Mimulus cardinalis Mimulus moschatus Nemophila menzeisii Phacelia parryii Phlox drummondii Platystemon californicum Romneya coulteri Whitlavia grandiflorum © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Even in the early years of the 20th century, native vegetation was being lost to agriculture and housing at an alarming rate. Theodore Payne, coming from England as a young man, was acutely aware of this and was an early activist – in word & in deed http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/when-los-angeles-blossomed-each- spring.html http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/when-la-was-empty-wide-open- socal-landscapes.html
5.
5/6/2013 5 1903 – a
nursery and seed company of his own Bought a struggling Los Angeles nursery business from his British countryman, Hugh Evans [Evans Nursery] In 1903, Payne opened his first nursery at 440 S. Broadway Street, Los Angeles, California Originally featured traditional seeds – was active in Eucalypts Began collecting wild flower seeds as a hobby. Collecting trips with like-minded friends Gradually added wildflower seed packets to his offerings © Project SOUND http://www.sdfloral.org/roots-7.htm The beginning of the 20th century saw an increased interest in CA native plants General increased interest in gardening associated with the Victorian era Also the Victorian interest in things scientific and in collecting There were more people – and more people with gardens The plants themselves attracted a number of key botanists and plants- persons to California And there was a general sense that ‘plants were being lost’ © Project SOUND 1906 – written by Mary Elizabeth Parsons © Project SOUND http://www.letsgoseeit.com/index/county/la/claremont/loc01/cultivar/cultivar.htm What’s unique about Theodore Payne is that he soldiered on all the way to the 1960’s 1905 – Moved his store to a bigger space Moved business to 345 S. Main where the office remained until 1931. Began specializing in California wild flowers, native plants and eucalyptus. But continued with non-natives Purchased growing grounds at 33rd St. and Hoover. He became known as a one-person clearinghouse of nursery information and a source for tracking down specific trees, plants and seeds. He made regular visits to nurseries up and down the state, keeping up with what was being grown or tried in various locations. © Project SOUND http://www.sdfloral.org/roots-7.htm By 1907, native wildflowers and landscapes were his specialty.
6.
5/6/2013 6 But making a
living by selling native plants was not easy Scant success attended his initial efforts because customers lacked interest. He had to advertise. He raised public awareness by: Creating wildflower demonstration gardens on vacant lots Issuing a catalog of wildflower seeds Exhibiting at flower shows. He published numerous articles on wildflowers, including a two-part contribution to California Garden in 1912. © Project SOUND Theodore Payne’s experiences at J. Cheal & Sons and Germain’s taught him the time honored methods of advertising in the horticultural trade In his own words…. ‘When I first came to California, what impressed me perhaps more then anything else was the wonderful native flora. But as the years went by it was with deep regret that I saw the wildflowers so rapidly disappearing from the landscape. I made up my mind that I would try to do something to awaken a greater interest in the native flora. Thus it was that I began to specialize in the growing of wild flowers and native plants. I collected seed of a few kinds of wild flowers, grew them and offered the seed for sale. Little or no success attended this first venture, it being generally conceded that it was foolish to waste time on "wild flowers.” © Project SOUND Demonstration gardens become a TP tradition ‘As a demonstration I secured the use of a vacant lot in Hollywood and sowed it with wild flower seeds. I went to Walter Raymond of the Raymond Hotel in Pasadena and asked him for the use of a piece of ground for sowing wild flower seeds. Mr. Raymond readily consented and the following spring there was a splendid display.’ ‘I also secured the use of two lots in Pasadena, one on Green Street and the other at the corner of Lake and Colorado, which I sowed with wild flower seeds. All these plots were greatly admired and I received complimentary letters from many people. This was really the beginning of wild flower planting.’ © Project SOUND 1906 – Published first catalog Published first catalog California Native Flower Seeds. Realized that most people didn’t know how to grow native plant seeds – or use the plants in their gardens Catalog contained several pages of general advice – starting seeds, transplanting, etc. A bit of information on each species: characteristics, requirements, garden uses, etc. © Project SOUND http://granadanativegarden.org/
7.
5/6/2013 7 Example: Coreopsis maritima
– Sea Dahlia ‘Perennial 2 to 2 ½ feet high. Large flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter, much resembling the Coreopsis lanciolata of our gardens but of a light canary yellow color. Very fine for cutting purposes. Pkt 10¢’ © Project SOUND http://www.anniesannuals.com/plants/plant_display.asp?prodid=280 1910 – California Wildflowers – Their Culture & Care ‘A treatise describing upward of a hundred beautiful species with a few notes on their habits and characteristics’ Many native plant nurseries have resorted to printing small pamphlets to answer FAQs – Theodore Payne was among them ‘California Wildflowers’ was part book – part seed catalog © Project SOUND http://www.larnerseeds.com/_pages/books.html 1910 : Annual Wildflower mixes were available from T. Payne Shady/partly shady Very dry, sunny places Orange, yellow & cream- colored Blue, purple and lavender shade Low-growing for small beds & borders Perennials for dry banks © Project SOUND A tradition the Theodore Payne Foundation continues to this day Examples of 1910 seed mixes Shady/Part-shady Nemophylla menziesii Nemophylla maculata Viola pedunculata Collinsia heterophylla Clarkia bottae Clarkia amoena Clarkia unguiculata Clarkia grandiflora Mimulus brevipes Perennials for dry banks Epilobium canum Lupinus arboreus Encelia californica Trichostema lanataum Penstemon heterophyllus © Project SOUNDhttp://www.theodorepayne.org/history/seedspmix2a.jpg
8.
5/6/2013 8 Some common garden
favorites from 1910 Baby Blue-eyes Five-spot Tidy-tips Purple Owl’s Clover Globe Gilia Bird’s-eye Gilia Chinese Houses Elegant Clarkia Other Clarkias: bottae, amoena Blue-eyed Grass Annual Sunflower CA Poppy © Project SOUND Native bulbs available in 1910 Bloomeria crocea Brodiaea: grandiflora, Calochortus: alba, catalinae, clavatus, plummerae & spendens Dichelostemma: capitata, coccinea Fritillaria: biflora, lanceolata, recurva Lillium: humboltii, pardalinum, parryi, Tritellia laxa © Project SOUND http://www.theodorepayne.org/history/1927bulbs.jpg 1910 – native trees and shrubs were just around the corner ‘I am making a specialty of growing our native trees and shrubs, but as it takes years to build up a stock of these, especially as most of them are raised from seed, it is my intention to issue price lists, from time to time, of the latest I have large enough for sale. The list will be mailed free on application’ © Project SOUND http://www.theodorepayne.org/history/bulb1927-2.jpg © Project SOUND White Alder – Alnus rhombifolia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Alnus_rhombifolia_NPS.jpg
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5/6/2013 9 © Project SOUND White
Alder – Alnus rhombifolia Western U.S. from Baja to British Columbia – east to ID In CA, Coastal mountains and foothills, Sierra Foothills Locally in Santa Monica & San Gabriel Mtns – below ~ 7000 ft. Usually in rocky or gravelly soils along the sides of permanent streams, in canyon bottomlands and gulches Singly or in small patches http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=5480&flora_id=1http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2016,2017,2019 © Project SOUND Characteristics of White Alder Size: 40-75 ft tall 30-40 ft wide Growth form: Woody tree; winter deciduous Fast-growing in first decade; good for quick establishment Relatively short-lived – will last your lifetime One to several trunks; white- gray bark - pretty Foliage: Rounded, medium-green leaves ; prominent veins Roots: will seek source of water – plant well away from water- and sewer lines Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences http://www.canopy.org/db/main.asp?tree=74 © Project SOUND Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: any – not fussy pH: any local Light: anything from full sun to quite shady; depends on how much water you give it. Water: Winter: good, moist soil Summer: fairly regular water; Zone 2-3 or 3 – 2 if your neighbor waters Fertilizer: likes a richer soil; fine with fertilizer, etc. Other: Use organic mulch, self-mulch or grasses Strong roots can wreck sidewalks, concrete Watch for flathead borers – can kill © Project SOUND White Alter: monoecious male female Blooms: winter or spring; any time from Nov. to Apr. in our area Flowers: Small flowers on drooping branches ‘catkins’ Separate male and female flowers – on same tree Female flowers produce small cone-like structures that contain the seeds – classical Alder Seeds: Papery; wind-borne Vegetative reproduction: can re- sprout from base or roots
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5/6/2013 10 © Project SOUND Garden
uses for White Alder As a shade tree – in a lawn As an accent plant – takes a while to become really large In large installations: parks, schools, commercial plantings Excellent bird habitat tree; good for stream beds http://www.cuyamaca.net/oh170/Thumbnail_Pages/Alnus_rhombifolia.asp http://www.pitzer.edu/offices/arboretum/tongva_garden/plants/08-alnus_rhombifolia.htm © Project SOUND * Tanbark Oak – Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. densiflorus Mainly grows on north coast & Sierra foothills ?’relict’ in Ventura and Santa Barbara Co. Moist, humid places in Redwood Forest, Mixed Evergreen Forest, Yellow Pine Forest, Red Fir Forest On slopes between 0 and 8000 feet © Project SOUND * Tanbark Oak – Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. densiflorus http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4316,4322,4323,4324 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notholithocarpus Once Lithcarpus – now we know better The Lithocarpus genus is transitional between chestnuts (Castanea spp.) and true oaks (Quercus spp.), with flowers like chestnuts and fruits similar to those of true oaks. There are hundreds of Lithocarpus species in Asia, but tanoak is the only North American member of the genus Tanbark-oak was recently moved into a new genus, Notholithocarpus, based on multiple lines of evidence It is not related to the Asian tropical stone oaks, Lithocarpus, but instead is an example of convergent morphological evolution. The North American tanbark-oak is most closely related to the north temperate oaks, Quercus. © Project SOUND
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5/6/2013 11 © Project SOUND Tanbark
Oak: a picturesque tree Size: 50-75+ ft tall 30-50+ ft wide Slow-growing Growth form: Evergreen , woody tree Shaded trees are narrow; those grown in open sites have broad, open crown Thick, pale, cork-like bark in mature trees – used in tanning Trunk forms a burl – for resprouting Foliage: Leaves thick, leathery medium- green , rounded Young leaves - dense orange hairs Long taproot J. E.(Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California Academy of Sciences © Project SOUND Flowers are oak-like Blooms: spring, summer or fall, depending on the weather, elevation, distance from coast Flowers: Trees monoecious – separate male, female flowers on same tree, usually on new shoots Male flowers: drooping catkins Female flowers: produce acorn- like nut Wind-pollinated Seeds: Take 2 years to develop Vegetative reproduction: mainly sprouting from burls ©2004 Kim Cabrera Acorn-like nuts with a tough shell 0.79–1.2 in long and 2 cm diameter, very similar to an oak acorn, but with a very hard, woody nut shell more like a hazel nut. The nut kernel is very bitter High levels of tannins); requires extensive leaching to make it edible for humans Protect the nuts from predatation – tho’ squirrels seem immune Contain a comparatively large amount of oil. On this account, tanoak acorns were preferred by local Indians over all other kinds. Can be stored longer than Oak acorns © Project SOUND http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lithocarpus_densiflorus_acorns.jpg Processing nuts Important food source (staple food) where it grew (n. Coast) Were ground, leached, and then prepared as a soup, cooked mush, biscuits, pancakes, and cakes. or a kind of bread. They also roast the acorns and eat them Traditionally, the seeds were placed in a cloth bag and either buried in swampy ground or suspended in a running stream for a few months. Once the tannins have been removed, the seed was then dried, ground into a powder Now, grind first, then leach in several changes of hot or cold water until sweet © Project SOUND http://www.permacultureactivist.net/articles/acorns.htm
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5/6/2013 12 © Project SOUND Plant
Requirements Soils: Texture: deep, well-drained soils best. pH: slightly acidic best (5.0-7.0) Light: best in part-shade Water: Winter: adequate Summer: best with occasional to regular irrigation – Water Zones 2 to 2-3 Fertilizer: organic mulch Other: Highly susceptible to Sudden Oak Death disease http://sydkab.wordpress.com/2012/03/27/the-klamath-bioregion/ © Project SOUND Garden uses for Tanoak In a woodland garden, particularly under pines & other large trees In large plantings: campuses, commercial, parks, boulevards ?? Food source; wood source http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Notholithocarpus_densif lorus_Big_Basin_State_Park.jpg © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College http://www.bomengids.nl/uk/soortenusa/tanoak__lithocarpus_densiflorus.html Theodore Payne always offered some unusual (rare) seeds to his customers These were often collected in seed- collecting trips with friends like Dr. Anstruther Davidson © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Catalina Nightshade – Solanum wallacei ©2000 John Game
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5/6/2013 13 Endemic to
S. Channel Islands and Baja Coastal Islands: Santa Catalina & Guadalupe Islands Uncommon on slopes and in canyons Chaparral Seeds available from Theodore Payne in 1910 © Project SOUND Catalina Nightshade – Solanum wallacei http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7625,7682,7700 William Allen Wallace (1815-1893) Gold miner, school teacher but mostly a newspaper reporter and editor Collected in the vicinity of Los Angeles around 1854 and slightly later ; Sent plants to Asa Gray (Harvard herbarium) Wrote The history of Canaan, New Hampshire © Project SOUND http://lahistory.tumblr.com/post/23229319178/on-may-17-1851-the-first-newspaper-in-los Solanum wallacei From California Native Plants, Theodore Payne's 1941 catalog: "A shrubby plant 3 to 5 feet high with rich green downy foliage and quantities of large violet or blue flowers. Effective in masses or as a color note between other shrubs. Gallon cans, 40c.“ © Project SOUND http://plantpropaganda.wordpress.com/tag/solanum-wallacei/ © Project SOUND Size: 3-4 ft tall 4-8 ft wide Growth form: Herbaceous sub-shrub (parts are woody) Mounded, many-branched form typical of Nightshades Larger than Solantum xanti (Blue Witch) Foliage: Leaves softly hairy, sticky Lush and attractive appearance Note: all parts toxic if eaten Lush Catalina Nightshade http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solanum_wallacei
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5/6/2013 14 © Project SOUND Flowers
are fantastic Blooms: in spring – usually April-May Flowers: Very pale purple (rare) to bright purple or blue with yellow stamens Flowers typical for nightshade, but larger than S. xanti ? Sweet floral fragrance at dusk Fruit: Typical small, tomato-shaped fruit – birds love them Ripens late spring; dark purple - toxic if eaten http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solanum_wallacei © Project SOUND Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: well-drained best pH: any local Light: Afternoon shade or dappled sun To fairly shady in very hot gardens Water: Winter: adequate Summer: drought tolerant once established – Water Zone 1-2, even 2 Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils Other: pinch back new growth for bushier habit J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database © Project SOUND Garden accent In water-wise perennial beds; mix with yellow-flowered For ‘Channel Island’ gardens Under oaks, other trees On hillsides – not fussy at all In large containers Good habitat plant: pollinators, birds http://plantpropaganda.wordpress.com/tag/solanum-wallacei/ http://eol.org/pages/580450/overview 1913 – Becoming established Became President of Wildflower Club of Southwest Museum. Laid out its native garden. Developed herbarium there. Co-owned ranch in Thermal with John Ruopp, foreman at Modjeska. But he needed a larger forum to promote his beloved native plants – and was no doubt influenced by his own memories of English floral Expositions © Project SOUND http://activerain.com/image_store/uploads/1/1/2/2/2/ar133743038922211.jpg
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5/6/2013 15 Native Plant Garden
– Exposition Park - 1915 © Project SOUND http://www.westadams-normandie.com/lapl/Exposition-Park-Coliseum.php The California Wild Garden in Exposition Park: It’s History and Objects - Theodore Payne (1919 S. CA Acad. Of Science) ‘For years I had dreamed of planting a California wild garden; a garden in which there should be nothing but plants native to California; a garden planted after nature’s own fashion. In the fall of 1913 I conceived the idea of making such a garden at one or both of the large expositions to be held in 1915 in San Francisco and San Diego. I soon abandoned the idea of San Francisco it being too far away. Then after some negotiations with the authorities in charge of the Panama-California Exposition in San Diego, I gave this up also, not being able to make such arrangements as would warrant the undertaking’ © Project SOUND CA Wild Garden, cont. ‘In a letter of Feb. 9, 1914, from Mr. Frank B. Davidson of the State Building in Exposition Park, the suggestion was made that I should obtain a permit from the Park Board to make and maintain at my own expense a small growing exhibit of California native plants in the park, somewhere near the Exposition Building. A few weeks later I appeared before the Board of Park Commissioners and asked permission to make a California wild garden in this park.’ Site and plans accepted by Board in 1914 County provided funds and did grading, sprinkler installation By March, 1915 scheduled to began the plant installation – irrigation, walkways not done May, 1915 began installation © Project SOUND Exposition Park Originally created in 1872 as an agricultural park, and 160 acres were set aside for the Southern District Agricultural Society. In 1913, it was renamed Exposition Park according to the “City Beautiful” movement with 4 anchor tenants: The Exposition Building (now California Museum of Science and Industry) National Armory Domed National History Museum Sunken Garden (which in 1928 was later renamed the Rose Garden). © Project SOUND Looking west to Nat. History Museum ~1915 Looking east to National Armory
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5/6/2013 16 Theodore Payne described
the area About 5 acres; an odd shape due to the race track Located along Figueroa, between Figueroa and the grandstand/race track Planned thick stands of large trees to hide racetrack and Figueroa from the garden Location was Ok - was near enough the State Exposition Building - and on Figueroa - that it would attract people © Project SOUND State Exposition Building - 1913 Where was Payne’s Wild Garden located? © Project SOUND © Project SOUND © Project SOUND
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5/6/2013 17 © Project SOUND The
‘Wild Garden’ as described by TP Series of ‘groves’ planted at the intersections of major walkways; natural appearing with understory plants (262 species in all); key role of wildflowers Sycamore Grove Oak Grove Redwood Grove Big Tree Grove Monterey Pine Grove Torrey Pine Grove 8 ‘crops’ of weeds were grown and removed before seeding wildflowers © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://www.westadams-normandie.com/lapl/Exposition-Park-Coliseum.php ‘Wild Garden’ ‘In the spring of 1916 the wild flowers commenced to bloom and in a few weeks the whole garden was a mass of yellow and orange and blue and purple shades. Thousands of people visited it daily and on Sundays the walks could hardly accommodate the crowds. There were species of trees, shrubs and flowers collected from all parts of the state. To see these growing and to study them in their natural habitats, it would be necessary for the student to travel many hundreds of miles besides spending much money and time. A label was provided for each species in the garden giving first the botanical name and below it the common name of the plant. This label was placed…near the walk so that it could be easily read by the public.’ ‘All the schools of the city used it for their botanical classes. Students also came from Pasadena, Long Beach and other nearby towns’ © Project SOUND
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5/6/2013 18 ‘Artists painted
pictures of it, every day students and nature lovers visited it, birds, bees and butterflies made it their home. As visitors came down the main path they felt the breath of the wild and forgot they were almost in the heart of a big city. “Why its just wild” they would exclaim. This spontaneous expression of their feelings was very gratifying to me for I felt that I had really achieved MY WILD GARDEN . © Project SOUND Several newspapers and magazines wrote descriptions of the garden and I received many very complimentary letters concerning it.’ The ‘Wild Garden’ put Theodore Payne on the map A corner was turned when his five-acre “Wild Garden” won popular acclaim and international press coverage. He launched a lecture tour on “Preserving the Wild Flowers and Native Landscapes of California.” After a wealthy homeowner in Montecito hired Payne to landscape her large estate in 1919, native plantings became even more fashionable. Over the next 20 years, Theodore Payne narrowed his nursery business until he was devoting himself almost exclusively to native plants and wildflowers (even through the Great Depression) © Project SOUND Theodore Payne made many important contacts through local scientific and nursery societies S. CA Acad. of Sciences – Botany section – long-time on Board of Directors S. CA Horticultural Institute CA Botanical Society S. CA Botanists Natural Club of S. CA Los Angeles Co. Horticultural Association (Pres.) S. CA Arboricultural Association (Pres.) And many, many others © Project SOUND Dr. Anstruther Davidson -1860-1912 Scottish by birth; M.D. by training Botanical activities were carried out principally through the Southern California Academy of Sciences and through its Bulletin. Served as the second president of the society (1892 to 1894). He was among the founders of the society and served as treasurer, as a member of the board of directors and of the publication board. In short he was an active associate for forty-one years. Wrote ‘Plants of Los Angeles’; ‘California Plants in Their Homes’ © Project SOUND http://theoligarchkings.wordpress.com/2011/05/21/the-oligarchs- plan-to-sell-off-us-federal-land/ Was an important local collector, ecologist and early colleague of Theodore Payne
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5/6/2013 19 Partnership with Ralph
D. Cornell - 1919 Formed 5-year partnership with Ralph D. Cornell – later to be known as the ‘Dean of American Landscape Architecture’ Firm designed large landscape projects, some including: Pomona College Occidental College Torrey Pines Park. Washington Park for City of Pasadena. © Project SOUND Ralph D. Cornell, landscape architect 1908-1972 Attended Pomona College and Harvard Graduate School of Landscape Architecture Friendship with TP – first introduced when a student at Pomona 1912 essay “Wanted: A Genuine Southern California Park,” Supervising landscape architect, UCLA, 1937-72 Landscape architecture projects included Pomona College (the ‘college in a garden’), Rancho Los Cerritos (1931), Los Angeles Music Center, and La Brea Tar Pits © Project SOUND http://tclf.org/pioneer/ralph-cornell Good friends/Odd partners as Cornell became more mainstream “In any institutional planting, the landscape or decorative values are matters of first and last importance, since school grounds are planted primarily to achieve decorative effects.” In landscape architecture, in his eyes, “plants become a means to an end more often than they, themselves are the achievement one seeks.” Thus, whether or not plantings were appropriate or would require high levels of irrigation was in his mind subordinated to the goal of creating “pleasing composition and attractive appearance” © Project SOUND http://tclf.org/pioneer/ralph-cornell Later in life, Cornell returned to his earlier tenants – for which he’s now better known © Project SOUND ‘Cornell championed design restraint, thoughtful indigenous plantings, and preservation of the native landscape as a cultural necessity for posterity.’ http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/conspicuous- california-plants-ralph-d-cornell/1111568465
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5/6/2013 20 1922 – Move
to a bigger, more rural nursery Moved nursery to 10 acres at 1969-99 Los Feliz Blvd. on land he purchased. There were several Japanese-American nurseries there at the time. © Project SOUND http://usclibraries.tumblr.com/post/9170204955/los-feliz-boulevard-under-construction-circa http://lfia.org/RegPages/History.shtml © Project SOUND Canyon Gooseberry – Ribes menziesii ©2008 Zoya Akulova Coastal Ranges and Sierra foothills from Central Ca to southern OR Found in moist or marshy areas growing with willows as well as dry hillsides Redwood Forest, Mixed Evergreen Forest, Chaparral between 0 and 3500 feet © Project SOUND Canyon Gooseberry – Ribes menziesii From California Native Plants, Theodore Payne's 1941 catalog: "Loosely branching shrub usually 5 to 8 feet high. Flowers purplish brown and white. Succeeds best in partial shade. Deciduous in late summer. Gallon cans, 60c." © Project SOUND http://www.nwplants.com/business/catalog/rib_men.html
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5/6/2013 21 © Project SOUND Canyon
Gooseberry Size: 4-8+ ft tall 6-8 ft wide Growth form: Woody , deciduous shrub Many-branched stems – very prickly Loose habit – less stiff than our Fuschia-flowered Gooseberry Foliage: Typical rounded, aromatic leaves if the gooseberries ©2012 Jean Pawek © Project SOUND Flowers are fantastic Blooms: early spring – usually Feb. or Mar. in our area Flowers: Small purple-red and white flowers – similar to Fuschia- flowered Gooseberry Plants are covered with flowers in a good year – very showy , pretty A hummingbird favorite ©2012 Jean Pawek Berries Ripen in summer Ripe berries are dark red- purple - pretty Spiny (like all gooseberries) Edible (particularly if cooked) – but not the tastiest of our native Ribes Birds gobble them up – so they won’t go to waste © Project SOUND ©2008 Jorg Fleige © Project SOUND Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: well-drained pH: any local Light: Part-shade; remember that this species is from less sunnier climates than ours Water: Winter: adequate Summer: summer water tricky; best with indirect water (plant 10-15 ft. from a lawn) Fertilizer: none needed if organic mulch used Other: use organic mulch; don’t plant near pines (harbors white pine blister rust) ©2012 Jean Pawek © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College
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5/6/2013 22 © Project SOUND Shade
garden In shady corners of the garden Gives a woodsy feel N sides of buildings/walls Excellent for wildlife As a barrier plant Photo credit: randomtruth / Foter.com / CC BY-NC-SA http://www.laspilitas.com/groups/ribes_currant_gooseberry/Ribes_currants_of_california.html Fuschia Flowering Gooseberry Ribes speciosum http://www.lejardindesophie.net/jardinautes/sophie/paplantes/r/ribesspec.htm © Project SOUND * Fendler's Meadow Rue – Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum © 2008 Keir Morse © Project SOUND * Fendler's Meadow Rue – Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum California from Baja/San Diego Co. to Oregon Mostly coastal in S. CA; rare in the Sierra foothills Locally in Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mtns. Grows along streamsides and other moist places, in forests and open woodlands < 4000 ft.http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233501272 http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6434,6569,6571,6573
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5/6/2013 23 © Project SOUND Characteristics of
Meadowrue Size: 2-3 ft tall 2-3 ft wide Growth form: Herbaceous perennial Drought deciduous; dies back to root in summer/fall Looks somewhat like a Maidenhair Fern; mounded habit Foliage: Rounded leaflets – very unusual and attractive; somewhat like Columbine Note: foliage/roots toxic if eaten; Infusion of leaves used externally – applied to sprains, pains. Roots: fibroushttp://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=THFEP2 © Project SOUND Flowers are fantastic Blooms: mid- to late spring - usually Apr-June in our area Flowers: On tall, slender stalks above the foliage Plants dioecious (separate male & female plants) Male flowers slightly more showy; neither has petals Pink-yellow flowers dangle like little, fluffy bells – nothing else like it! Seeds: small; carrot-like © Project SOUND Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: well-drained; fine in sandy or clay pH: any local Light: Part-shade to quite shady; great for N. side of buildings Water: Winter: adequate water Summer: more water will keep it green longer; probably best with Water Zone 2 to 2-3 in shade Fertilizer: none to light doses fine; organic soil amendments Other: organic mulches (leaf mulch works well); low maintenance http://www.finegardening.com/item/13893/should-it-be-called-mountain-rue © Project SOUND Meadowrue: perennial filler For its interesting foliage, in shady areas of the garden Around bases of drought- tolerant trees, oaks Delicate appearance – use like you would ferns As an attractive pot plant Thalictrum fendleri and Erigeron glaucus http://kristamaxwell.com/garden/photos2.html
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5/6/2013 24 By the mid-1920’s
a respected native plantsman 1926 - Provided ideas and 80% of original plant materials for Blaksley (now Santa Barbara) Botanic Garden. Laid out by Frederic Clements, Elmer Bissell, and Ervanna Bowen Bissell – but original inspiration was Payne’s gardens The garden's contributors included nationally-significant horticulturists and designers Kate Sessions, Lester Rowntree, Theodore Payne, Carl Purdy, and E.O. Orpet One aim was to showcase the beauty of California native plants and their suitability for use in private gardens and water conservation © Project SOUND Theodore Payne also appreciated the garden potential of local desert plants © Project SOUND http://www.desertmuseumdigitallibrary.org/public/detail.php?i d=ASDM00153 © Project SOUND * Desert Olive – Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database © Project SOUND * Desert Olive – Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens SW north America from TX & CO to CA and s. to northern Mexico In CA, mostly in foothills of dry desert mountains, 3000-7000 ft. Dry slopes, canyons, cliffs Creosote bush scrub, chaparral, coastal sage scrub and foothill woodland Forestiera: named after Charles Le Forestier (?-1820), an 18th century French physician and naturalist, pubescens: with soft, downy hair Other common names are Elbow Bush & New Mexico Privet http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5249,5250,5251
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5/6/2013 25 © Project SOUND Desert
Olive is very undemanding Soils: Texture: any, but well-drained best pH: any local (6.0-8.0) Light: full sun to part-shade; Water: Winter: needs enough for ground- water replenishment Summer: regular water first year; then Zone 1-2 to 2 Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils Other: tolerates heat, high winds, moderate soil salinity http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/Yellow%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/forestier a%20pubescens.htm © Project SOUND Desert Olive makes a lovely tree Use as a substitute for non-native white-bark ornamentals like Olive, Aspen, Melaluca Great plant for front yard, background areas, along roadways – very tough and need little water Management: Start selective pruning in first year Limit to 1-5 stems; prune out the rest Selectively prune each winter to provide open habit © Project SOUND Can be pruned and shaped, even hedged Can be sheared to a reasonable hedge Mix with other species in mixed hedge or hedgerow Very adaptable and useful – could probably even be espaliered Limit water to provide better shape http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4DMG/Trees/Shrubs/mexpriv.htm http://flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2640329338/in/set-72157605994561368/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2973733432/ Forestiera & Cornus glabrata © Project SOUND * Bigelow’s Beargrass/Nolina – Nolina bigelovii http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nolina_bigelovii
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5/6/2013 26 Hillsides and
canyons of Southeastern California, western Arizona, S. NV, Baja California and Sonora, Mexico. Desert hillsides, Creosote Bush scrub – often in very dry areas of Mojave & Sonoran Deserts Especially prevalent along the Lower Colorado River Valley © Project SOUND * Bigelow’s Beargrass/Nolina – Nolina bigelovii ©2006 Aaron Schusteff http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolina_bigelovii http://www.desertmuseumdigitallibrary.org/public/detail.php?id=ASDM01221&sp=Nolina bigelovii © Project SOUND Bigelow’s Nolina: like a very large bunch grass Size: 6-10 ft tall (with flowering stalk) 4-6 ft wide Growth form: Grass-like perennial sub-shrub Many (to 150) leaves, initially in basal rosette, but may reach 5-6 ft in older plants Leafy stalk is stout, somewhat woody Foliage: Leaves narrow, strap-like , 1-3 ft long (depends on water) Often blue-green color No spines – unlike Yucca©2005 James M. Andre http://www.gardeninginarizona.com/Plants/Agavaceae/big/Nolina_bigelovii2.html © Project SOUND Flowers like Yucca Blooms: in spring (Apr-June) Flowers: Mature plants flower – not every year Stout flowering stem above the foliage – like a cross between Yucca and Pampas Grass in appearace Small, cream-colored flowers – sweetly scented ?toxins – sapoginens – cause photosensitive rash Seeds: papery capsules; wind- borne Vegetative reproduction: off- sets (pups) ©2003 Charles E. Jones http://seedsofsuccess.smugmug.com/Bureau-of-Land-Management/BLM- AZ930/4721139_mQqj3Q/350681596_4zNGBPC#!i=350681445&k=5GK6jMP © Project SOUND One tough plant! Soils: Texture: well-drained pH: any local Light: Full sun to light shade Water: Winter: adequate Summer: very drought tolerant once established; Water Zone 1 or 1-2. Needs fall dry period Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils Other: Rock mulch – or none Very low maintenance – plant and ignore ©2006 Aaron Schusteff
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5/6/2013 27 © Project SOUND Nolina:
nice accent Nice accent plant in any dry garden Right at home in desert gardens, rock gardens, hot places Leaves used green or bleached in basketry; young flowers stalks can be baked and eaten http://www.delange.org/BeargrassBig/BeargrassBig.htm http://gallery.cvetq.info/displayimage.php?album=267&pos=4 © Project SOUND * Banana Yucca – Yucca baccata Southwestern U.S. into N. Mexico Great Basin, Mojave, Sonoran Desert mountains Dry slopes and washes in Joshua Tree woodland (CA) and Pinyon-juniper woodland (elsewhere) © Project SOUND * Banana Yucca – Yucca baccata ©2010 Lee Dittmann http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102056 http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi- bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8349,8681,8682 The Yuccas: Plants of many uses ~ 40 yucca species, all native to the New World. Most have dry hard fruits; fruits of banana yucca are fleshy and succulent. Besides food, yuccas have many other traditional uses. The leaf blades can be woven into baskets, used to make brushes, or with the fleshy leaf tissue removed the remaining stiff fibers can be made into a combination needle and thread. The roots are prized as a natural soap. © Project SOUND
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5/6/2013 28 © Project SOUND Banana
Yucca: dramatic accent Size: 2-6 ft tall (flower stalk taller) 2-10 ft wide (spreads slowly) Growth form: Evergreen perennial ‘sub-shrub’ – typical Yucca form Many strap-like leaves in basal rosette Foliage: Leaves 1-3 ft long – depends on water Sharp spines on tips Roots: forms offsets (‘pups’) along rhizomes; long-lived http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Agavaceae/Yucca_baccata.html © Project SOUND Fabulous Yucca flowers Blooms: in spring ; usually April to June Flowers: Along a stalk slightly above the leaves – depends on available moisture Flowers: cream with pink- purple blush Large for Yucca – 1-3 inches – and rather fleshy Truly amazing – very pretty Flowers last ~ 2 weeks Pollinated by the nocturnal pronuba moth Banana Yucca saves it’s resources… Extended water storage is achieved through thickened leaves and leaf bases. Banana yucca experiences crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), allowing carbohydrate stores built up in the summer and early spring to assist during the reproductive period in late spring. 3-year reproductive cycle in wild; ?? In garden © Project SOUND …for flowering and producing it’s unusual fruits Thick, fleshy fruits resemble small bananas – hence the common name Contain many large flat black seeds Are considered a SW delicacy Most often baked or roasted, then eaten like a sweet potato © Project SOUND
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5/6/2013 29 © Project SOUND Easy
Yucca to grow Soils: Texture: well drained; rocky- sandy best pH: any local Light: full sun to light shade – sun-tolerant Water: Winter: good rains or irrigation Summer: drought tolerant; looks best with monthly water Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils Other: requires little care –best if mostly ignored; carefully remove spent stalks (wear eye protection; long leather gloves) ©2010 Lee Dittmann © Project SOUND Dramatic accent Desert-themed or rock gardens As a spiny deterrent plant Large containers Habitat or edibles garden Where ever you would plant a Yucca or Agave http://unkowndestination.blogspot.com/2012/08/yucca-review-yucca-baccata-banana-yucca.html http://coldhardycactus.com/Pages/YU003.htm http://www.sm.watersavingplants.com/eplant.php?plantnum=24551&return=l1 The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Gardens 1927 - Assisted Mrs. Susanna Bixby Bryant with siting and design of original Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Orange County – small role. Helped to relocate the Garden to Claremont in 1951. 1920-30’s - Maintained private estate landscaping commissions throughout Southern California: Beverly Hills, Bel Air, Pasadena, and Santa Barbara © Project SOUND http://ochistorical.blogspot.com/2009/08/yorba-linda-santa-ana-canyon-field-trip.html Located on n. side of Santa Ana Cyn in what is now Yorba Linda 1939 – Native Plant Garden at Cal Tech Created native plant garden with ~176 species at California Institute of Technology, Pasadena (later site of Norman Church Laboratory). Continued publishing articles and speaking about loss of wild flowers in many venues – gardening and scientific © Project SOUND
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5/6/2013 30 Showcasing the
delights of the Southern California landscape, this original 8-acre garden was designed and dedicated in 1959 by a core group of California native plant lovers who wanted to cause a revival of interest in California flora, educate school children in native plants and create a demonstration landscape for home owners. © Project SOUND http://www.descansogardens.org/calendar/california-natives-spring-walk/ 1958 – Descanso Gardens The hand of Theodore Payne can still be seen today Many people contributed to the creation of this new garden: Theodore Payne led the way by donating 1,000 plants and playing a major role in its design. Percy Everett of Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Gardens offered many plants and expertise as well. Today, some of those original plantings are still here and many others have been added through the years. © Project SOUND http://interchangefellowship.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/dsc_0199.jpg http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/descanso-garden-25660 If you haven’t visited the Descanso Gardens ‘CA Native Garden’ you’ve got to go see it! © Project SOUND http://www.gardenvisit.com/garden/descanso_garden http://www.everkelly.com/tag/gardens/ http://www.zaudhaus.com/portfolio/descanso-gardens/ Be sure to appreciate Theodore Payne © Project SOUNDhttp://willowscottage.blogspot.com/2011/07/theodore-payne-foundation-for.html
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5/6/2013 31 1960 - Theodore
Payne Foundation Founded and incorporated in 1960, the Theodore Payne Foundation promotes the understanding and preservation of California native flora. founded and incorporated upon Payne's retirement to carry on his life's work. Our mission is: To promote and restore California landscapes, and habitats To propagate and make available California native plants and wildflowers To educate and acquire knowledge about California flora and natural history © Project SOUND http://www.theodorepayne.org/mission.html "Well I hope for the Foundation that we’ll be able to grow a large variety of native trees and shrubs and wildflowers and bulbs and ferns and everything and supply them to the people at reasonable rates; to give some to schools and Boy Scouts and Campfire Girls and so on. Also to enter into a campaign of education; educate the people to the value of these beautiful things that God’s given us in this beautiful California." © Project SOUND http://neighbor2neighbor.com/services/theodore- payne-foundation/ 1961 – end of active career as seedsman, but still a teacher After 58 years in business, turned over stock of seeds, plants and equipment to The Foundation to carry on his work and vacated Los Feliz property. Continued to lecture, consult – and write his memoirs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= N1RD0hk5-dA © Project SOUND Theodore Payne Wildlife Sanctuary - 1961 Dedication of 320 acres in Antelope Valley near Llano as ‘The Theodore Payne Wildlife Sanctuary’ by LA Co. Board of Supervisors The sanctuary supports thick stands of Joshua trees and Creosote Bush Scrub and provides hiking opportunities and lovely landscape. © Project SOUND http://parks.lacounty.gov/wps/portal/dpr/Parks/Theodore_Payne_Wildlife_Sanctuary
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5/6/2013 32 1963 – Theodore
Payne dies Dedication of temporary site for Foundation at Whittier Narrows, Jan. 19. “Man of the Year” Award by California Garden Clubs, Inc. Died in Los Angeles on May 6. Papers and library donated to Foundation. © Project SOUND But that’s hardly the end of the story… © Project SOUND Theodore Payne Foundation continues to inspire a new generation of gardeners © Project SOUND ‘Demonstration Gardens’ – a long tradition © Project SOUND
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5/6/2013 33 Theodore Payne’s Legacy
Introduced into cultivation over 430 species of wild flowers and native plants during his lifetime. © Project SOUND A selection of plants introduced into cultivation in California © Project SOUND Acer negundo Adenostoma fasciculatum Adenostoma sparsifolium Aesculus californica Agave desertii *Alnus rhombifolia Artemisia californica Atriplex canescens Atriplex lentiformis ssp. lentiformis Atriplex polycarpa Brickellia californica Calycanthus occidentalis Ceanothus crassifolius Ceanothus cuneatus var. cuneatus Ceanothus cyaneus Ceanothus impressus Ceanothus leucodermis Ceanothus megacarpus var. megacarpus Mimulus aurantiacus Mimulus cardinalis Nolina bigelovii Nolina parryi Oenothera californica Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri Olneya tesota Penstemon azureus Penstemon centranthifolius Penstemon heterophyllus var. heterophyllus Penstemon palmeri var. palmeri Penstemon spectabilis var. spectabilis Philadelphus lewisii Pickeringia montana var. montana Pinus attenuata Pinus monophylla Imagine your garden without… Delphinium cardinale Dendromecon rigida Dudleya pulverulenta ssp. pulverulenta Encelia californica Encelia farinosa Epilobium canum ssp. canum Eriogonum arborescens Eriogonum cinereum Eriogonum crocatum Eriogonum fasciculatum var. fasciculatum Eriogonum giganteum var. giganteum Eriogonum grande var. rubescens Eriogonum parvifolium © Project SOUND Mother Nature’s Backyard Demonstration Garden 1/3 of plants introduced by TP So get out and see a new (to you) garden © Project SOUND
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5/6/2013 34 Try growing a
new native plant from seed © Project SOUND Read about Theodore Payne Theodore Payne in His Own Words: A Voice for California Native Plants. Pasadena: Many Moons Press for the Theodore Payne Foundation, 2004. “Theodore Payne,” in Victoria Padilla, Southern California Gardens. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961, 162-167. Or listen to same tapes of talks and interviews on the TPF web page © Project SOUND Most of all, share Theodore Payne’s love of our state treasures with others © Project SOUND http://blogy.keyingredient.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/CaliforniaWildflowersLarge.jpg
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