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Garden Pests - notes
1.
1/7/2013 Out of the
Wilds and Into Your Garden Pests, Pests, Pests C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve Madrona Marsh Preserve Gardening with Western L.A. County Native Plants March 7 & 10, 2009 Project SOUND - 2009 © Project SOUND © Project SOUND What is a pest? An organism which has Predator/prey relationships in nature characteristics that are regarded by humans as injurious or unwanted Eats a desired plant Causes disease in a desired plant Carries disease to a desired plant May be: A vertebrate (deer; rabbit) An insect/mollusk (snail) A bacterium, virus or fungus A pest in one setting may be beneficial in another; like a weed, a pest may be an organism ‘in the wrong place’ http://www.champaignschools.org/science/images/foodweb.gif © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 1
2.
1/7/2013 In nature, plants
fight back… A recipe for disaster Native plants evolved with insects, other Plant species not native to animals, microorganisms area; often ‘cultivars’ – ecosystems in balance Some produce Planted in mono-culture noxious chemicals or physical barriers to http://jenmill.blogspot.com/2006_04_01_archive.html Heavily watered & ‘ward off’ natural fertilized – ‘plants on pests steroids’ Some attract Using overhead watering ‘helper species’ – insects & even birds during warm summer days Some simply tolerate normal levels of predation Globalization of pests http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1118/814174806_a1348ae709.jpg © Project SOUND © Project SOUND The ‘Old California Garden’ requires an arsenal of ammunition… And the consequences are not pretty… Human/animal health risks Contaminated soils & http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/2002/Flawed-Frogs-Pesticide-Deformed9jul02.htm water (including street http://www.improvementscatalog.com/home/improvements water runoff) /792923315-spray-doc-wheel-garden-sprayers.html High cost of pesticides Beneficial species killed Issues: Improper use Effects on animals up the food chain Overuse Pesticide resistance Storage © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://grapes.msu.edu/images/pesticResist.gif 2
3.
1/7/2013
Many of us have found that just including more The ‘New California Garden’ is based on native species improves the ‘pest problems’ in the a better strategy entire garden Plant the plants that are ‘programmed’ to be successful in your area – these will: Be less stressed – and therefore healthier Be prepared to ‘fight’ the natural enemies Attract natural ‘helpers’ in their fight against pests Plant a variety of species – more like a natural ecosystem (not a monoculture) Give the plants the appropriate gardening care: Appropriate levels of water Appropriate (often little to no) fertilizer Protection from other stress & injury Have an appropriate strategy to deal with true pests © Project SOUND © Project SOUND But you need to have a sound strategy to dealing with certain pests…even on native plants Integrated Pest Management (IPM) "Optimum combination of control methods including biological, cultural, mechanical, physical and/or chemical controls to reduce pest populations to an economical acceptable level with as few harmful effects as possible on the environment and nontarget organisms." R.L. Hix,CA Agric. Magazine, 55:4 (2001) And that’s where the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) provides useful guidelines © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 3
4.
1/7/2013
The IPM Pyramid – ‘first do no harm’ What is Integrated Pest Management? Use the least invasive – and often most effective - means first: IPM programs use current, comprehensive Prevention – cultural practices Mechanical Controls information on the life cycles of pests and their Naturally occurring biological interaction with the environment. controls (native predators) Consider using non-native This information, in combination with available predators pest control methods, is used to manage pest Use chemical controls sparingly, damage by the most economical means, and with http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/ipm.html as a last resort: Naturally occurring elements the least possible hazard to people, property, and Biologics – chemicals made by the environment.’ Non-native predators and chemical plants that are toxic to controls have the important drawback of pests/diseases non-specificity – they kill the good pests Non-biologic pesticides: http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/factsheets/ipm.htm with the bad. Insecticides Fungicides Miticides © Project SOUND © Project SOUND An IPM system is designed around six Some of the benefits of an integrated basic components approach are as follows: 1. Set Action Thresholds Before taking any pest control action, IPM first sets an action Promotes natural controls; ‘ecosystem approach’. threshold, a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken. Sighting Protects human health. a single pest does not always mean control is needed. The level at which pests will either become an economic threat is critical to guide future pest control decisions. Minimizes negative impacts to non-target organisms. 2. Monitor and Identify Pests Not all insects, weeds, and other living organisms require control. Many organisms are innocuous, and some are even beneficial. IPM Enhances the general environment. programs work to monitor for pests and identify them accurately, so that appropriate control decisions can be made in conjunction with action thresholds. This monitoring and identification removes Is most likely to produce long-term, beneficial the possibility that pesticides will be used when they are not really results. needed or that the wrong kind of pesticide will be used. 3. Preventive Cultural Practices Often is easily and efficiently implemented. As a first line of pest control, IPM programs work to manage the crop, lawn, or indoor space to prevent pests from becoming a Cost-effective in the short and long-term. threat. These control methods can be very effective and cost- efficient and present little to no risk to people or the environment. © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 4
5.
1/7/2013
An IPM system is designed around six IPM plan for your garden – a work in basic components progress 4. Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, Requires observation & mechanical methods are the first options to consider. They knowledge – specific for include simple hand-picking, erecting insect barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to disrupt breeding. your garden 5. Biological controls: Natural biological processes and materials can Will vary somewhat with: provide control, with minimal environmental impact, and often at low cost. The main focus here is on promoting beneficial insects Yearly weather conditions that eat target pests. Biological insecticides, derived from Maturity of plants naturally occurring microorganisms (e.g.: Bt, entomopathogenic http://www.hoodcountymastergardeners.org/Demo_2006/Demo_Construction.html fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes), also fit in this category. New plants 6. Chemical controls: Synthetic pesticides are generally only used Will be modified based on as required and often only at specific times in a pests life cycle. your previous experiences Many of the newer pesticide groups are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.: nicotine, pyrethrum and Suggestion: keep a garden insect juvenile hormone analogues), and further 'biology-based' or 'ecological' techniques are under evaluation. notebook/journal © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Many resources to help you University of California Statewide IPM Project (UCIPM) Books – check out your Goals of the IPM Project are to: local library, or add to your reduce the pesticide load in the own environment, increase the predictability and On-line resources thereby the effectiveness of pest control techniques, develop pest control programs that County Master Gardeners are economically, environmentally and socially acceptable, Other Governmental marshal agencies and disciplines into resources: (see list) integrated pest management program, and U.S. increase the utilization of natural State & Local pest controls. Educational component: Print & on-line resources UC IPM Pesticide Education Program © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 5
6.
1/7/2013
Set Acceptable Pest Levels Monitor & Identify Pests Find out what pests/ Base monitoring on garden conditions: temperature & diseases occur in your humidity garden – observation Look for pests on vulnerable tissues Learn more about the pests, Shake out the pests, then view with magnifying glass their effects Decide if action is needed http://waterroots.com/imagespests/whitefly03.jpg What are their life-stages Suggestion: keep a log of dates, What seasons/conditions are conditions in your garden journal they associated with What plant species are susceptible Learn how to determine when action should be taken http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/noni/spiralling%20whitefly.asp © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Prevention/Cultural Practices are the first Criteria for selecting a treatment line of defense against pests strategy are: Cultural practices: just good old garden management practices 1. Least hazardous to human health Providing alternate hosts for pests No monoculture 2. Least disruptive of natural controls Preventing over-wintering Sanitation 3. Least toxic to non-target organisms Proper water & nutrient management 4. Most likely to be permanent Correct watering Physical barriers 5. Easiest to carry out safely and effectively Pruning to improve air circulation Weeding 6. Most cost-effective Mulching 7. Most site-appropriate © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 6
7.
1/7/2013
Pest challenges vary with the season…. Sticky (Bush) Monkey Flower - Mimulus/Diplacus aurantiacus Warmer weather & new growth – spring/early summer Sucking insects Chewing insects Gall & Blister Mites Warm weather – summer/fall Foliage fungal diseases Borers (insects) Scarlet Monkeyflower Root/stem rots Musk Monkeyflower (fungal/bacterial) Cool, wet weather – winter/early spring Mollusks Anthracnose (fungal) http://www.baynatives.com/plants/Mimulus-aurantiacus/ © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Sucking insects Any perennial or shrub/tree with fresh Definition: Insects that insert their mouthparts into the sugary phloem (conducting tissue) & suck new foliage can attract sucking insects the ‘sap’ Examples: Aphids Mealy Bugs Whiteflies Psyllids Scales Leafhoppers Damage: Often confined to the young, succulent growth (leaves, shoot-tips and buds Tissues appear puckered or crinkled Monitoring: watch for: Signs of the insects themselves –check particularly undersides of leaves, other protected areas Ants – tend to be ‘nurse’ species Abnormal plant growth http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/Ant_cultivating_aphids.jpg © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 7
8.
1/7/2013
Aphids: where there’s one there are many….. Aphids – Ugly but not usually murderers... Often called plant lice, are small, Preventive cultural soft-bodied insects. practices: Control ants They range in color from black to http://pmo.umext.maine. Control weeds – green to yellow. edu/factsht/Suck.htm particularly Brassica species Their numbers may greatly increase in a short time and Mechanical Controls: crowding stimulates the Blast off with a stream of production of winged forms. water Use sticky strips around They may cover the entire trunks to manage ants surface of a leaf or stem. Biological Controls: They (and other sucking pests) Lady bugs; Lacewings can be vectors of plant viruses (crop & ornamental plants). Chemical controls: Insecticidal Soap is usually They can also weaken plants, adequate making them susceptible to other diseases http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/insectcorner/photos/aphid.htm http://notexactlyrocketscience.files.wordpress.com/2006/08/aphid-sap.jpg © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Whiteflies Monitor particularly on citrus and Monitoring: vegetable crops (and plants near them) By placing yellow sticky cards in greenhouse & other vulnerable environments Periodic inspection of undersides of leaves of susceptible species Preventive cultural practices: Don’t purchase infested plants Control ants Encourage natural predators Mechanical Controls: Yellow sticky traps (early in infestation) Blast off with stream of water http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/other.htm Hand-remove infested leaves Vacuum them up with hand vacuum Ash Whitefly (Siphoninus phillyreae) Biological Controls: http://cekern.ucdavis.edu/Entomology/Woolly_Whitefly_Monitoring_in_Kern_Cou nty.htm can attack Toyon & other natives Ladybugs, Lacewings, parasitic wasps & mites Wooly Whitefly on Citrus Songbirds Chemical controls: Insecticidal Soap Chemical pesticides usually not very helpful – Mechanical methods and encouraging natural enemies offer best resistance quickly develops chance for control © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://agriculture.gov.bb/media/plant_protection/Whiteflies2.JPG 8
9.
1/7/2013
Females feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices. They secrete a powdery wax Controlling aphids, whiteflies & Mealybugs is an Mealybugs layer (therefore the name mealybug) used for important ‘cultural practice’ for preventing other diseases protection while they suck the plant juices. Monitoring: Check stem axils & bottoms of plant stems for insects Mealybugs are similar to Act immediately when you see them to control whiteflies and aphids: they infestation produce large amounts of waste product (honeydew) Preventive cultural practices: which coats plants and Insect new plants – remove pests surrounding surfaces. Control ants (which protect Mealybugs) Encourage natural predators This sticky layer is a perfect Mechanical Controls: growth medium for a black Remove by hand & destroy Sooty Mold fungus commonly known as Apply rubbing alcohol with a Q-tip or cotton "sooty mold". ball; destroys insects & egg masses [note: try on small area first – may damage plant] This mold damages plants by covering leaves and reducing Biological Controls: light available for Lady Bug, Lacewings, parasitic wasps –all natural photosynthesis. Chemical controls: Insecticidal Soap or horticultural oils © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Good natural enemies are there – just True Bugs plant species that will attract them Many are actually beneficial predators Green Lacewing http://pmo.umext.maine.edu/factsht/Suck.htm Common generalist predator Preventive cultural practices: Kills: mealybugs, psyllids, thrips, Encourage healthy plants mites, whiteflies, aphids, small caterpillars, leafhoppers, and Green Lacewing insect eggs Chemical controls: not recommended in most cases Use common pesticides & you’ll kill this beneficial insect You will need to learn about Plant species in the Rose & Milkweed Bug the common beneficial insects in order to recognize Buckthorn (Ceanothus) families to and attract them provide food for Lacewings © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 9
10.
1/7/2013
Attract Know all life phases of these By planting beneficial these species beneficial insects insects Bigeyed bug Native grasses Don’t use pesticides that will kill the Polygonum sp. (Silver Lace Vine) beneficial insects Copyright © 2007 Ron Hemberger Hoverflies Achillea sp. (Yarrow) Larval stage – though ugly - is often the Asclepias fascicularis (Narrowleaf Milkweed) ‘eating’ stage Baccharis sp. (Coyote brush, Mulefat) http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/convergent_lady_beetle.html Ceanothus sp. (California Lilac) Look closely at the insects (use a Eriogonum sp. (Buckwheat) magnifying glass) – what are they eating Prunis ilicifolia (Hollyleaf Cherry) (plant or insect) Ceanothus sp. (California Lilac) Lacewings Prunus ilicifolia (Hollyleaf Cherry) Lady beetles Achillea sp. (Yarrow) Asclepias fascicularis (Narrowleaf Milkweed) Atriplex sp. (Quailbush, Saltbush) Ceanothus sp. (California Lilac) Native grasses Rhamnus californica (Coffeeberry) Salix sp. (Willow) http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/brown_lacewing.html http://www.stopwaste.org/home/index.asp?page=402 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Sa_lady-beetle-larva.jpg http://www.kunafin.com/lacewings.htm © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Lacewing Life Cycle Attract these By planting Western Yarrow – Achilla millefolia beneficial these species insects Minute Achillea sp. (Yarrow) pirate bug Baccharis sp. (Coyote brush, Mulefat) Eriogonum sp. (Buckwheat) http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/minute_pirate_bug.html Minute Pirate Bug Achillea sp. (Yarrow) Parasitic & Aesclepias fascicularis (Narrowleaf Predatory Milkweed) Wasps Eriogonum sp. (Buckwheat) Tachnid flies Achillea sp. (Yarrow) Eriogonum sp. (Buckwheat) Heteromeles arbutifolia (Toyon) Rhamnus californica (Coffeeberry) http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/tachinid_flies.html Tachnid Fly http://www.stopwaste.org/home/index.asp?page=402 © Project SOUND © Project SOUND J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database 10
11.
1/7/2013 Why Yarrow makes
a good lawn substitute Levels of Control 1. Cultural control is a preventative measure using fertilization, plant selection, and sanitation to exclude problematic pests Spreads quickly, giving good and weeds. cover 2. Physical control is another preventative strategy. It includes, pest exclusion; creating barriers; modifying conditions such Super for banks and other areas as temperature, light and humidity; trapping; and manually that can’t easily be mowed weeding. Foods and beverages should be eaten and stored only in designated areas. Spreading habit inhibits weeds 3. Biological control makes use of a pest's natural enemies. This Can be mowed – occasionally and strategy introduces beneficial insects or bacteria to the on high setting w/ rotary mower environment or, if they already exist, provides them with the necessary food and shelter and avoids using broad-spectrum Companion plant – attracts chemicals that will inadvertently kill them. beneficial insects, repels others 4. Chemical control is used after all other control strategies are Does well on poor, dry, sandy deemed inappropriate or ineffective. Target-specific, low- soils where other plants grow toxicity pesticides should be applied in a manner that will poorly maximize the effectiveness of pest management and minimize the exposure to humans and other non-target species. Spot treat if possible to reduce exposure. http://www.dgsgardening.btinternet.co.uk/yarrow.JPG © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Smothering and suffocation agents - mild Smothering and suffocation agents - mild Insecticidal Soap Horticultural Oil It works on contact by breaking down the target pest’s cuticle (waxy Coating pests with horticultural oil covering) — promoting dehydration and, blocks the passage of air through ultimately, death. their spiracles (breathing holes), Short period of action (48 hours) thus killing (suffocating) them. Non-targeted – kills both beneficial insects as well as pests Used on dormant plants (see label for specific product) Best use: judicious, small-scale spot applications labeled for use against overwintering Safer’s Insecticidal Soap (the most eggs of European red spider mites, common brand), is used indoors or out, is effective on aphids, cabbageworms, http://greenmethods.com/site/products/biorationals/3/#ip scale insects, apple aphids (not rosy earwigs, flea beetles, lace bugs, aphids), bud moths, leafrollers, red leafhoppers, mealybugs, psyllids, sawfly bugs, codling moth larvae, pear psylla larvae, scale crawlers, squash bugs, http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51z2EPV-efL._SL500_AA280_.jpg thrips, spider mites, whiteflies, and (adults), blister mites, galls, whitefly more. nymphs, and mealybugs. © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 11
12.
1/7/2013 Sucking insects of
spring/summer: review Ah, Summer….. the time of dusty leaves & over-watering Monitor Periods of new foliage/rapid growth Monitor at least weekly Look particularly at undersides of leaves, young branch tips, flower buds – be sure to use a magnifying glass Cultural Practices Blast affected area with water Hand remove Encourage natural predators Control ants Biological Controls Beneficial insects – your best line of defense Chemical controls Not usually needed (except for very bad infestations – not often seen with native plants) May kill beneficial insects – so use very sparingly Try least toxic: Insecticidal soap © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Challenges of the dry season Dry, dusty foliage Hot, muggy (or foggy) days Appropriate watering: How frequently How much at any one time How to water: overhead, drip/trickle What time of day to water The stage is set for a different cast of garden pests 10 years old. Almost no water other than a dust wash off every month or so. Arctostaphylos 'Carmel Sur’ in foreground, Toyon and Western Redbud behind. © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 12
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Toyon/California Christmas Berry – Heteromeles arbutifolia Natives in the Rose Family (Rosaceae) Shrubs Chamise - Adenostoma fasciculatum Mountain Mahogonies - Cercocarpus species Toyon - Heteromeles arbutifolia Creambush - Holodiscus discolor Ironwoods - Lyonothamnus floribundus Holly-Leafed & Catalina Cherries - Prunus ilicifolia CA Wild Rose - Rosa californica CA Blackberry - Rubus ursinus Smaller perennials Pacific silverweed - Argentina egedii Strawberries - Fragaria species Wedgeleaf Horkelia - Horkelia cuneata © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Common pests of Rose Family (think Leafhoppers & Sharpshooters garden roses) Pests of new foliage Leafhoppers are small, green, Sucking insects wedgeshaped insects that attack many Pests of summer garden, forage and fruit crops. They Pests associated with dust (mostly suck out plant juices causing yellowing, insects) http://pmo.umext.maine.edu/factsht/Suck.htm leaf-curling and stunting. Pests associated with warm, moist conditions (mostly fungal but some bacterial/viral) Leafhoppers are often responsible for the spread of plant pathogens Diseases associated with cool, wet especially viruses and phytoplasmas conditions: Fungal diseases (foliage & root) Preventive cultural practices: Rosa CA vs. non-native roses Mechanical Controls: It is relatively pest and disease free, except if the plant is subject to blast of water from a garden hose overhead irrigation, poor air circulation Removing infected lower leaves and humid conditions in the shade. Insect pests are usually not a problem Dusting plants lightly with with such a hardy plant and with so diatomaceous earth many “beneficials” around. © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 13
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Leafhoppers & Sharpshooters Glassy-winged Sharpshooter – reportable pest Biological Controls: Carry the bacterium, Predatory insects such as mantids and Xylella fastidiosa, that dragonflies causes Pierce’s Disease – a serious threat to CA http://pmo.umext.maine.edu/factsht/Suck.htm Spiders, green lacewings (Chrysopa spp.), grape industry minute pirate bugs (Orius spp.), lady beetles (Hippodamia spp.), and predaceous mites. Adults are about 1⁄2 inch long X. fastidiosa also causes almond leaf scorch, Small parasitic wasps in the genus phoney peach disease, Gonatocerus alfalfa dwarf, oleander Chemical controls: leaf scorch and citrus variegated chlorosis. Narrow range oils, insecticidal soaps, or kaolin clay Report to County Ag. rotenone, carbaryl, malathion or http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/Assets/AG/assets/GWSS2.gif Service if found in new methoxychlor areas © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Tiny insects with fringed wings. They feed on Pierce’s Disease: many native plants are Thrips pollen and tender plant tissue, rasping the tissue and sucking the exuding sap. alternate hosts The leaves take on a silvery appearance after the thrips feed, and plants become stunted and Aesculus californica deformed. Artemisia douglasiana Thrips are usually a pest of seedling plants but Heteromeles arbutifolia http://pmo.umext.maine.edu/factsht/Suck.htm may attack plants in any stage. They attack an extremely wide variety of woody plants. Juglans californica Mimulus aurantiacus Certain thrips species are beneficial predators Oenothera hookeri that feed only on mites and other insects Philadelphus lewisii Monitoring: Populus fremontii Thrips often feed within buds and furled leaves. Quercus spp. Their damage is often observed before the thrips are seen. Rhammus californica Discolored or distorted plant tissue or black Rosa californica specks of feces around stippled leaf surfaces are clues that thrips are or were present. Salix spp. Look carefully for the insects themselves before Sambucus spp. taking action. Severe infestation foliage looks silver-spotted Vitis californica Thrips are poor fliers but can readily spread long distances by floating with the wind or being transported on infested plants. Blue Elderberry © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/Thrips/ffa2-34.jpg http://www.gardenseeker.com/plant_pests_problems/plant-pests/thrips_storm_flies.htm 14
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Thrips – mostly just ugly… Gall & Blister Mites: ugly but not killers Healthy woody plants usually tolerate thrips damage; however, high infestations on certain herbaceous ornamentals and developing fruits or vegetables may justify control Cause blistered leaves or galled twigs on many landscape plants http://chillithrips.tamu.edu/ Preventive cultural practices: Practices to conserve natural predators; including alder, aspen, baccharis, decrease dust, no pesticides beech, elm, grape, linden, maple, Pull weeds Prune and destroy infected branches and walnut Mechanical Controls: Live oak erineum mites Monitoring: Blast of water from a garden hose Misshapen leaves Biological Controls: Preventive cultural practices: http://virtual.clemson.edu/groups/hort/homeh ort/images/thrips.jpg Many natural predators Remove damaged leaves Chemical controls: thrips activity does not usually warrant the use of insecticide sprays Mechanical Controls: Narrow-range oil, neem oil, pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (Garden Safe Brand Remove damaged leaves Multi-purpose Garden Insect Killer, Spectracide Garden Insect Killer) Malathion or rotenone only for severe problems Toyon Thrips © Project SOUND Baccharis gall © Project SOUND Spider Mites are tiny Spider Mites: prevention is best Not insects, but closely related to ticks and Preventive cultural practices: chiggers. They suck out juices from leaves Wash dust off leaves in summer and stems, causing plants to become Don’t use insecticides (carbaryl (Sevin); imidacloprid (Merit, Marathon) ) that kill natural deformed or have a bronze or yellow predators; severe infestations often follow appearance http://pmo.umext.maine.edu/factsht/Suck.htm insecticide use! http://pmo.umext.maine.edu/factsht/Suck.htm Heavy infestations can cause leaf and bud Mechanical Controls: drop, serious stress and death of the plant. blast of water from a garden hose 1:1 mixture of alcohol and water [test on small area] Damaged areas typically appear marked with Plant isolation many small, light flecks – over slightly cobwebby - giving the plant a somewhat Biological Controls: speckled appearance. Small, dark-colored lady beetles known as the "spider mite destroyers" Activity peaks during the warmer months; Minute pirate bugs, big-eyed bugs (Geocoris http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7405.html Dry, dusty conditions favor all spider mites species) and predatory thrips Parasitic spider Mites Monitoring: Chemical controls: not during hot weather or for Usually plant damage—stippling or yellowing of water stressed plants – test first on a few leaves leaves Few insecticides are Insecticidal soap Look for webbing underneath leaves effective for spider mites and many even Horticultural oils (Sunspray) Shake mites onto paper & observe with hand aggravate problems Sulfur lens © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 15
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