3. A Schematic representation of Gardner’s early Socio-Educational Model-1985 Social Milieu Individual Differences Contexts Outcomes Cultural Beliefs Intelligence Aptitude Motivation Situational Anxiety Formal Language training Informal Language Experience Linguistic Non-Linguistic
4. Modified Version: Gardner & MacIntyre (1993) Antecedent Factors Individual Differences Language Acquisition Contents Outcomes Language Intelligence Strategies attitudes motivation anxiety Formal Informal Linguistic Non-Linguistic Biological Experien tial