6. FACIAL BONES
•They hold the eyes in
an anterior position.
•They are (14) bones.
•Twelve are paired
and only the mandible
and vomer are single.
•They are : maxillae,
palatine,zygomatic,
lacrimal, nasal, vomer
and mandible.
7. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
•It is the axial support
of the body.
•It extends from the
skull which it supports
to the pelvis, where it
transmits the weight
of the body to the
lower limbs.
8. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
•It is formed of (24)
single bones
(Vertebrae) :
•Cervical vertebrae
(7).
•Thoracic
vertebrae(12).
•Lumbar vertebrae (5).
•Sacrum (fused 5
vertebrae).
•Coccyx (fused 4
vertebrae).
9. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
•The single vertebrae
are separated by
pads of flexible
fibrocartilage (inter
vertebral discs).
•The intervertebral
discs absorb shocks
and allow the spine
flexibility.
10. TYPICAL VERTEBRA
•It is formed of:
•Body.
•Vertebral arch: laminae
and pedicle.
•Vertebral foramen.
•Transverse process.
•Spinous process.
•Superior and inferior
articular processes.
•THEY ARE IRREGULAR
BONES.
11. DIFFERENT VERTEBRAE
•Cervical :smallest ,
the spine is divided
into two branches.
Transverse process
contain foramen.
•Thoracic : body is
heart shaped and has
two costal facets.
•Lumbar : massive
block like bodies.
12. BONY THORAX
•It is formed of the
sternum,ribs and
thoracic vertebrae.
•It protects the organs
of the thoracic cavity.
•Sternum
•Manubrium.
•Body.
•Xiphoid process.
13. RIBS
•They are (12) pairs
which are divided as
follows:
•True (7) : attach
directly to the
sternum.
•False (5) : either
attach indirectly to the
sternum or not at all.
•Floating : last two
pairs.
15. PECTORAL GIRDLE
•It is formed of:
•CLAVICLE : it holds
the arm away from
the thorax.
•SCAPULA (WING(.
16. UPPER LIMB
•ARM :Humerus.
•FORE ARM: Radius
& Ulna.
•Long bones:
•They are formed of:
•Epiphysis : on each
end.
•Diaphysis : a tubular
shaft. It is covered
externally by the
periosteum.
18. PELVIC GIRDLE
•Formed of the two
HIP bones.
•Each hip bone is
formed of three parts:
•ILium.
•Ischium.
•Pubis.
•The hip bones and
the sacrum form the
bony pelvis.