U3 ao s 1 revision psychology 2013 (1)

Unit 3 Revision

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MIND, BRAIN AND BODY
Monday, 21 October 2013

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2 min to brain storm each of the Key Concepts


States of consciousness


Sleep as an altered state of consciousness


Measuring states of consciousness


The nervous system


Sleep Deprivation
The nervous system


Sleep Deprivation
The nervous system
Hemispheric specialisation


Sleep Deprivation
The nervous system
Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia


Sleep Deprivation
The nervous system
Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia
Spatial Neglect and split brain surgery

Question 1
Which of the following descriptions of human
consciousness is most accurate?
A. awareness of the world around us and ourselves,
including thoughts and feelings
B. knowledge of events taking place in the world
C. being able to understand and express our
thoughts, feelings and knowledge of the world
D. awareness of different situations that may cause
an altered state of consciousness


Question 1
Which of the following descriptions of human
consciousness is most accurate?
A. awareness of the world around us and ourselves,
including thoughts and feelings
B. knowledge of events taking place in the world
C. being able to understand and express our thoughts,
feelings and knowledge of the world
D. awareness of different situations that may cause an
altered state of consciousness


Question 2
Which type of brain wave indicates an awake and
relaxed state of consciousness? ( 1 mark)


Question 2
Which type of brain wave indicates an awake and
relaxed state of consciousness? ( 1 mark)

Answer: Alpha


Question 3
Roman is a distance runner who trains hard every day. He
has volunteered to be a participant in a research study of
sleep patterns of athletes. For the study, he is required to
spend a night in a sleep laboratory where his sleep-wake
cycle is recorded by the researcher.
Name one device that the researcher might use to identify
when Roman is in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and
describe what this device would indicate for this specific
stage of sleep. ( 2 marks)


Question 3: Suggested solution
Devices and descriptions may include:

• EEG: beta-like brainwaves — high frequency/low amplitude
(saw-tooth patterns)
• EOG: high electrical activity in the muscles that move the eyes
(muscles near the eyes)
• heart rate monitor: relatively rapid heart rate
• video monitor: no major body movement (some twitching), rapid
eye movement
• EMG: low levels of electrical activity in the muscles of the body
• respiratory monitor: breathing rate would be relatively fast and
irregular
Award 1 mark for correctly naming a device that could be used to
identify REM sleep. Award 1 mark for describing what that device
would register during REM sleep.

Question 4.
The _________________________ theory of sleep proposes that
sleep enables recovery from depleting activities when
awake.


Question 4.
The _________________________ theory of sleep proposes that
sleep enables recovery from depleting activities when
awake.

Restorative


Question 5
Generally, during REM sleep
A. most skeletal muscles are relaxed.
B. small muscles of the face are tense.
C. virtually no electrical activity in eye muscles can be
detected.
D. large amounts of electrical activity can be detected
in leg muscles.


Question 6
Describe how the proportions of NREM and REM sleep
change across the human lifespan. (3 marks)


Changes may include:

• The amount of night time sleep decreases with age, and the
proportion of time spent in REM sleep also decreases with
age. Newborns have about 50% REM, in infants and
children this drops to about 20–25% REM.
• By late adulthood, total sleep time drops to about 6 hours,
with about 20% in REM sleep.
• In old age, sleep is lighter with increased awakenings, and
stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep is rarely experienced. That is,
most sleep time is spent in stages 1 and 2 NREM.
• Some illnesses, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's
diseases report even lower proportions of REM sleep in
affected adults.
Award 1 mark for each of three valid changes.

Question 7.
Jack has not done much study for his psychology
examination. He decides to stay up all night to study for two
nights prior to the examination. In terms of the effects of
sleep deprivation, give two reasons why this decision may
negatively impact on Jack's examination performance. (2
marks)


Reasons sleep deprivation will affect Jack's performance may
include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

impairment of memory processes
a decrease in ability to perform cognitive tasks
illogical/irrational thought
lapses in attention and/or concentration
difficulty focusing the eyes (which hinders reading)
hallucinations
micro-sleeps, which would interrupt his train of thought
drowsiness (he may fall asleep in the exam)
hand tremors (making it difficult to write answers)
irritability (therefore he may give up easily or get angry
during the exam)
• increased experience of pain, which may hinder concentration
on the exam.
Award 1 mark for each of two valid reasons.

Question 8
Alyse stays up late to watch a horror movie. During the
movie she becomes very frightened and her fight/flight
response is triggered, and then she calms down.
a. Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is
responsible for triggering Alyse's fight/flight response? (1
mark)
b.Describe two physiological responses that Alyse may
experience when her fight/flight response is triggered. (2
marks)
c.Explain how these physiological responses aid survival in a
life-threatening situation. ( 1 mark)

a. Sympathetic nervous system [1 mark]
b. Two of:
• heart rate increases
• pupils dilate
• dry mouth
• perspiration increases
• increase in blood pressure
• increase in breathing rate
• bronchioles (airways) dilate
• release of sugar (glucose) from storage
• release of fat from storage
• slowing (inhibition) of the digestive process
• release of adrenalin/noradrenalin
• blushing
• goose bumps.
Award 1 mark for each of 2 responses from list above.
c. One of:
•

heart rate increases to pump blood (and nutrients/oxygen) around the body faster, carrying more oxygen and glucose
to the muscles
• blood pressure increases to push blood through capillaries at a faster rate
• breathing rate goes up to take in more oxygen
• bronchioles dilate to allow more oxygen into the lungs
• pupils dilate to let in more light and enhance vision
• digestion is slowed to divert oxygen to muscles to allow a faster response
• release of sugar and fat to provide instant energy to skeletal muscles
• release of adrenalin and noradrenalin to activate muscles and organs to deal with the life-threatening situation.
Award 1 mark for any one explanation from list above.
VCAA Assessment Report note:
Many students stated that 'the heart beats faster to pump more blood around the body'. This is incorrect as the amount of
blood in the body remains the same.

Question 9
Farrah's neurologist has explained that she needs to undergo
a Computerised Tomography (CT) scan to assess the damage
to her brain. The damage to Farrah's brain is within the
association area of her frontal lobe. Describe one possible
effect that could result from this damage.


Changes to personality or changes in:
• the ability to perform complex mental functions
• the ability to plan/organise (problems with
executive function)
• the ability to understand abstract concepts
• the control of emotions
• the expression of emotions
• the production of speech (articulation of words).
Award 1 mark for any one of the effects listed above.


Question 10.
Describe two major functions of the temporal lobe of the
brain. (2 marks)


Functions may include:
• It is the main auditory processing area.
• Contains Wernicke's area — responsible for
understanding speech.
• Responsible for some memory functions
such as facial recognition.
Award 1 mark each for any two functions.


Question 11.
Charlotte is diagnosed with Broca's aphasia.
a. Where is Broca's area located? (1 mark)
b. Describe two ways in which her speech could be
impaired. (2marks)


a. The frontal lobe in the left hemisphere.
Award 1 mark for both pieces of information.
b. Speech impairmant may include:
• produces very little speech
• speech requires much concentration and effort
• difficulty articulating speech (pronouncing words)
• speech tends to be slow and drawn out
• short words — prepositions/conjunctions tend to be omitted
• sentences tend to be very short (up to four words)
• sentences tend to be made up of verbs and nouns only
• words lack grammatical endings (for example, –ing).
Award 1 mark for two of the above impairments.
A common error was to list two descriptors of the same difficulty; for
example, speech is slurred and poorly articulated; or words are shortened
and words lack grammatical endings. Such responses received only one
mark.

Question 12.
Eric has recently suffered from a stroke, which left him with
damage to his cerebral cortex. He ignores the left side of his
world and he behaves as though it does not exist.
a. What condition is Eric suffering from? (1 mark)
b. Which area of his cerebral cortex is most likely to have
been damaged? (1 mark)


a. Spatial neglect/hemispatial neglect [1 mark]
b. Right parietal lobe [1 mark]


Question 13.
Sperry pioneered research on split-brain patients. In one study, a picture of
an object was presented to the right visual field of split-brain patients. The
patients were all right-handed males. The patients were then shown a
number of objects. They were asked to identify the original pictured object
by pointing to it. They could use either hand. They were also asked to name
the object. Sperry then presented the picture of another object to the left
visual field. The patients were then asked to identify the original pictured
object from among a number of other objects by pointing to it with either
hand.They were also asked to name the object. What were the results for this
study in regard to the following?
a. when patients were asked to name the pictured object presented to the
right visual field (1 mark)
b. when patients were asked to identify the pictured object presented to the
right visual field (1 mark)
c. when patients were asked to name the pictured object presented to the left
visual field (1 mark)
d. when patients were asked to identify the pictured object presented to the
left visual field (1 mark)

a. They could name the object.
b. They could point to the object.
c. They could not name the object.
d. They could point to the object.
Award 1 mark for each of the correct statements above.
As all objects in Questions 2b. and 2d. were visible in both the
left and right visual fields, it is possible that a process of
'cross-cuing' would occur, alerting both hemispheres to the
identity of the object. Students could indicate that either
hand could be used (or not specify a particular hand) and be
awarded a mark.

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