This document analyzes the costs and benefits of applying photocatalytic technology using titanium dioxide paint and UV LED lighting in the Maastunnel in Rotterdam. The Maastunnel has high concentrations of NOx and particulate matter. The analysis finds that coating the tunnel walls and ventilation tubes with photocatalytic paint and using UV LED lights could reduce NOx levels by 20-50% and be economically feasible. It could save over €90,000 per year in reduced maintenance costs while providing cleaner air. The investment costs of around €15 million may be justified given the estimated savings and health benefits over 50 years for Rotterdam's citizens.

1. Catalytic Tunnel
Cost Benefit Analysis for Applying Photocatalytic
Technology in the Maastunnel Rotterdam
Dr. Christoph Maria Ravesloot M.STS MSc. ENG

2. Most dirty spot in Rotterdam
¯
One problem: Maastunnel
Legenda
NO2 [µg/m3]
<38
38-40
40-42
>42
De getoonde punten zijn op basis van de Monitoringstool. In het monitoringsrapport is een nadere analyse
gemaakt en is voor een aantal punten geconstateerd dat deze ten onrechte zijn weergegeven
NO2 concentraties NSL-wegen 2015 (detail)
Expertisecentrum
Postbus 843
3100 AV Schiedam
Tel. 010-2468000
www.dcmr.nl
Projectnaam:
Opdrachtgever:
Model:
Schaal:
Topografie:
Status:
Disclaimer:
NSL Rijnmond
Stadsregio Rotterdam
Monitoringstool versie oktober 2010
1:40000 Formaat: A3L
(c) Provincie Zuid-Holland
INDICATIEVE WEERGAVE
Datum: 05-10-2010
Kaartnr.:
Er kunnen geen rechten ontleend worden aan
getoond kaartmateriaal. Disclaimer is als bijlage
bijgevoegd.
EL-010-106-1/3C
Bijlage:
3C
> 40-80 NO2 (µg/m3)
> 40-60 PM10 (µg/m3)

3. Careful with human health
Reference and norm values
PM2.5 < 25 µg/m3 ( 1 January 2015)
PM10 < 40 µg/m3
NOx < 40 µg/m3

4. Two ingredients
Paint with active nano particles Titan-dioxide
powerLED lighting with UV light spectrum

5. UV spectrum of powerLED
UV 300 - 400 nm
IR > 780 nm

6. Maastunnel Rotterdam
1943

7. Maastunnel Rotterdam
2010

8. Two applications
2 Tunnel
ventilation
1 Tunnel tubes

9. Laboratory threshold test
Proof of principle is positive
Catalytic nanoTiO2 paint is working optimally at 1 W/m 2
PowerLED generates a UV spectrum from 300 nm to 400 nm

10. Publication of principle
Transport Research Arena Europe 2010, Brussels
TRA 2010 Catalytic Tunneling
Design-study Maastunnel renovation with catalytic paint and corresponding
PowerLED lighting, City of Rotterdam The Netherlands
Design-study Maastunnel renovation with Christoph Maria Ravesloot
Dr., MSc. STS, MSc. OTS
City of Rotterdam Public Works, Rotterdam University of Applied Science
catalytic paint and corresponding
PO Box 6633, NL-3002 AP Rotterdam
CM.Ravesloot@gw.rotterdam.nl
Robert McIntyre
Dr., Cristal Global
PowerLED lighting Rotterdam The
Julie Maltby
Cristal Global
Abstract
Netherlands (Ravesloot C.M., McIntyre R.,
In inner city areas al around the world there is a struggle for clean air. Especially PM 10, PM 2,5
and smaller and NOx are hard to fight. In the open air the effectiveness of many technical
solutions are reduced by influence of wind. Concentrations of CO2, NOx, PM10 and PM2,5 are
swiftly diffused in the air.
Maltby J., in: Conference readings:
However, in tunnels the concentration stays relatively high because there is no escape other than
the tunnel entrance and exit. Catalytic paint can chemically transform NOx and certain particles
from PM10, PM 2,5 and smaller into Nitrogen, CO2 and water. Laboratory tests and practical
tests show positive results. The specific paint used in these examples can already function well
with low power of light of 1 W/m2 in the frequency spectrum of 300 to 400 nm.
Transport Research Arena Europe 2010
In a design-study it is elaborated that catalytic paint and special tuned powerLED lighting could
benefit from these high concentrations of pollution. During the summer of 2011 and 2012 the
two tubes of the Maastunnel, connecting the northern and southern part of Rotterdam, will be
closed for some weeks for a major overhaul. During these periods there is a possibility to
exchange the lighting in the tunnel by powerLED lighting. This will reduce maintenance costs.
The concrete sideways and ceiling will be painted as well. The existing ventilation shafts can be
Brussels)
painted as well. When lighted with special UV powerLED exhausted air can be clean during
transport outside the tunnel. This project could be a perfect show case for a tunnel that is actually
cleaning the air of the cars that drive through.
The paper shows the most results of a design study. The most technical feasible solutions in line
with the process of design, bid and build are described. The remarkable conclusion is that the use
of powerLED and catalytic paint is already economical feasible without the cleaning effect. The
powerLED reduce energy costs and the catalytic paint is self cleaning, which reduces cleaning
costs of cleaning and sideways. The UV lighting with painting of the ventilations shafts are
interesting added value. Clean Air comes as a bonus.

11. Cost-Benefit Analysis
Municipality of Rotterdam - negative in budget
Rotterdam Air Quality Program
Boundary object
Maastunnel system
City of Rotterdam
Calculation do not take in account effects like jet stream, thermal influence,
moving traffic, hourly based calculations
+ positive in budget

12. Four Cases
ventilation CBA Maastunnel system SCBA City of Rotterdam
tubes investment
- paint and painting Clean end-of-pipe
- UV powerLED
maintenance + cheaper than elsewhere
- extra cleaning bill in the City of Rotterdam
- light energy cost bill
- fans energy cost bill
investment
cleaning where the
- paint
concentration is highest
- powerLED
+ speaker system
necessary because of strong
+ adjustable lighting
European norms
maintenance
tunnel - less cleaning
tubes - less light maitenance
cleaner air, cheaper maintenance for reasonable prize

13. Design-research Maastunnel
Change of interior in a historical monument

14. Design-research Maastunnel
Change of interior in a historical monument

15. Three advantages
-
ventilation CBA Maastunnel system SCBA City of Rotterdam +
+
tubes investment
- paint and painting Clean end-of-pipe
- UV powerLED
maintenance + cheaper than elsewhere
- extra cleaning bill in the City of Rotterdam
- light energy cost bill
- fans energy cost bill
investment
cleaning where the
- paint
concentration is highest
- powerLED
+ speaker system
necessary because of strong
+ adjustable lighting
European norms
maintenance
tunnel - less cleaning
tubes
+ +
- less light maitenance
cleaner air, cheaper maintenance for reasonable prize

16. Tube paint investment costs
Ceiling and sidewalls € 118.850 -

17. Tube lights investment costs
-
Exchange same old fashioned type € 1.217.460
€ 512.200 -
Exchange conventional retrofit type € 705.260
€ 7.000 -
Exchange energy saving same type € 712.260
€ 240.840 -
Exchange power LED + UV type € 953.100
+
€ 59.888 - labour for wiring
€ 56.736 - fixation of connectors

18. Tube lights energy costs
- 50 years 1 year
Exchange same old fashioned type € 1.979.010
€ 7.600 -
Exchange conventional retrofit type € 1.594.202
€ 3.300 +
Exchange energy saving same type € 1.759.210
€ 11.550 +
Exchange power LED + UV type € 1.181.906
+
Reference 2010: 359.820 kWh/a costing € 17.550

19. Tube walls ceiling cleaning costs
1 year
Cleaning old reference € 126.000 -
Cleaning new painted situation € 45.000 -
Total difference positive on budget € 81.000 +

20. Tube maintenance costs lights
50 years 1 year
Exchange old fashioned reference € 3.813.920 € 76.278
Exchange conventional same type € 1.136.930 € 22.738
Exchange energy saving same type € 1.620.021 € 32.400
Exchange power LED + UV type € 198.900 € 3.972 +

21. Ventilation system costs
-
Paint
€ 99.059 -
UV powerLED
€ 45.000 -

22. Ventilation system cleaning
- 50 years 1 year
Cleaning robot
€ 300.000 -
Cleaning cycle eight weeks
€ 110.000 € 2.200 -

23. Summing up CBA tunnel
Catalytic Tunnel Tubes investment at 20 % NOx efficiency
investment of € 14.500.000 gives profitable benefits within
boundary system in 50 years
+ € 11.500 profit from energy saving per year
+ € 81.000 profit from cleaning per year
+ € 3.900 profit less maintenance of LED per year
+ € 96.400 total positive on budget

24. Summing up CBA ventilation
Catalytic Ventilation Tubes investment at 40 % NOx efficiency
investment of € 440.000 gives no profitable benefits
within boundary system of the tunnel
profit most be made on boundary object of the City of
Rotterdam, because on no other location NOx can be
captured this cheap?

25. Social Cost Benefits
Can the city of Rotterdam clean NOx from air in any other
way cheaper than in the catalytic Maastunnel?
Can the city of Rotterdam clean NOx from air anywhere else
in the city cheaper than in the catalytic Maastunnel?

26. How much will be captured?
NOx
x 1000 kg/m3 year
Tunnel Tube 20 % effect 150
Ventilation Tube 40 % effect 225
Combined Tunnel + Ventilation effect 50 % 375
Reference Tunnel + Ventilation effect 100 % 750

27. How much will be payed?
?
€ 14.500.000 + € 440.000 = € 14.940.000
for 612.500 citizens = appr. € 25 / citizen
to save some dozens of early deaths in Rotterdam in 50 years
to save € 100.000 on maintenance cost of the Maasttunnel each
year for the next 50 years

28. References
2010 Ravesloot C.M., McIntyre R., Maltby J., Catalytic Tunneling, Design-
study Maastunnel renovation with catalytic paint and corresponding
PowerLED lighting, City of Rotterdam The Netherlands in: Conference
readings: Transport Research Arena Europe 2010, Brussels;
2011 Ravesloot C.M., Rooijen van R., Dijk L., Catalytic Tunneling,
Feasibility-study Maastunnel renovation with catalytic paint and
corresponding PowerLED lighting, City of Rotterdam; forthcoming