1. 19th Century Timeline
By: Breona Black

2. Andrew Carnegie- He came into
this country at the age of twelve. He worked
his way up to become a private secretary to
the local super intendant of the Pennsylvania
railroad. By 1865 Carnegie was so busy
managing the money he had earned in
dividends that he happily left his job at the
Pennsylvania railroad. He entered the steel
business in 1873 and by 1899 the Carnegie
1800’s steel company manufactured more steel 1850
than all the factories in Great Britain.
Settlement house- 1848
Community centers in slum Bessemer Process- Developed independently by
neighborhoods that provided British manufacturer Henry Bessemer and American iron
assistances to people in the area. maker William Kelly. Technique involved injecting air into
molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities.

3. Social Darwinism- Charles Darwin publishes book
in this year. The social Darwinism came out of his theory of
biological evaluation. Darwin describes his observations
that some individuals of a species flourish and past there
traits along to the next generations while others do not.
1857 1860
Frederick Law Olmested- 1859 Gilded ages- period of time
Landscape architect that spearheaded the following the civil war, time of
movement for planned urban parks . Help enormous growth that attracted
draw up the plan for greensward which was millions from Europe railroads.
selected to be central park in New York City.

4. Homestead Act- pass by congress
offering a 160 acres of land free to any citizen
or intended citizen who was head of the
household.
1864
1862
Sand Creek Massacre- Most of the cheyenne
Exoduser- African Americans 1862 had peacefully returned to Colorado's Sand Creek Reserve
who moved from the post- for winter. General S.R. Curtis, US Army commander, sent a
reconstruction south to Kansas. telegram to Milita colonel John Chivington that read, “I
want no peace until the Indians suffer more. Chivington and
his troops descended on the Cheyenne and Araplaho
camped at Sand Creek. The attack at dawn on November 29
killed over 150 inhabitants mostly woman and children.

5. Credit Mobilier- Construction Grandfather Clause-
company formed by stock holders. The stated that even if a man failed
stock holders gave this company a a literacy or could not afford the
contract to lay track at two to three poll tax, he was still entitled to
times actually cost and pocketed the vote if he, his father, or his
profit. grandfather, had been eligible to
vote before January 1, 1867. 1867
1866
1864 Buffalo Soldier- originally were Oliver Kelly- started
members of the US 10th cavalry 1867 the patrons of husbandry
regiment of the US Army. Formed on an organization for
September 21 at Fort Leavenworth, farmers that became
Kansas. The nickname was giving to the popularly known as The
negro Calvary by the Native American Grange.
tribes they fought.

6. George Pullman-
Invented the Pullman
sleeping car.
1867 1869
Tammany Hall- New York Cities
Grange- The organization started powerful Democratic machine. In 1868 boss
by Oliver Kelly. The original purpose
1868 tweed became the head. Between 1869 and
to provide a social outlet in an 1871 Boss Tweed lead the Tweed riong.
educational forum for isolated farm
families.

7. Transcontinental Railroad- A
railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific
1869 coasts of the United States ; completed in this
year.
1870
Tweed Riong- Led by 1869
Boss Tweed. This was a
group of corrupt politicians. John D. Rockefeller- Established the standard oil
company. He joined with competing companies in trust
agreements. Participants in the trust turned their stock over
to a group of trustees. In return, the companies were
entitled to dividends on profiles earned by the trust. Trusts
were not legal merges however. Rockefeller used a trust to
gain complete control of the oil industry in America. In this
year, 1870, Rockefellers standard oil company of Ohio
processed two or three percent of the country's crude oil.

8. George Thomas Alva
Armstrong Edison-He became a
Custer- He reported pioneer on the new industrial
that the black hills had frontier when he established
gold. “from the grass the worlds first research
roots down” and the gold laboratory in Menlo Park, New
1870 rush was on. Jersey. There Edison perfected 1876
the incandescent light bulb.
1876 Alexander
Jacob Riis- At the age of 21, he left his native land of 1874
Denmark for the United States. Riis found work as a police Graham Bell-
reporter , a job that took him into some of New Yorks Unveiled the telephone. It
worst slums, where he was shocked by the horrible opened the way for a
conditions. He used his talents to expose the hardships of world wide
New Yorks poor. communications network.

9. Battle of Big Horn- Also known as
Custers last stand. Lakota, Northern
Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes against the
seventh Calvary regiments of the US Army.
Nez Perce- Forced off
It occurred June 25 and 26. the tribal lands in Wallowa
County, Oregon.
1876
1876 1877
Telephone- The most dramatic invention
unveiled by Alexander Graham Bell and
Thomas Watson. It opened the way for a world
wide communication network.

10. Dumbbell Tenements- Also
called old law tenements; they were called
the Dumbbell Tenements after the shape
of the building footprint; the air gave each
tenement the narrow waited shape of a
Ragtime- A blend of
dumbbell. These are tenements built in African American spirituals
New York City after the Tenement Act and 1870’s – and European musical forms
before the New York State Tenement. that originated in saloons in
1880’s the south.
Jim Crow Laws- 1880’s
1879 The segregation laws to
separate black and
whites in public and
private places.

11. Assimilation-
Supported by the
sympathizers ; a plan under
which Native Americans
Ida B. Wells-Moved to would give up their beliefs
Memphis to work as a teacher. She and way of life and become
later became an editor of a local part of the white culture. In
paper. Racial Justice was a persistent this year the Century of
theme in Wells reporting. 1880 Dishonor was published.
1880’s
Graft- The illegal use of political 1881
influence for personal gain.

12. Booker T. Washington- A
prominent African American leader who Mugwumps- Republican party
believed that racism would end once activists who bolted from the united
blacks acquired useful labor skills and states republican party by supporting
proved their value in society. He headed democratic candidate Glover
the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Cleveland in the US presidential
institute. 1883 election of 1884.
1884
1881 Joseph Pulitzer-
Hungarian immigrant who had
bought the New York Wond in
this year. Pioneered popular
innovations. Such as a large
Sunday edition, comics, sports
coverage, and women’s news.

13. Interstate Commerce
Commition- Congress passed the
Haymarket Affair- Labor leaders interstate commerce act in 1887. This act
continued their to press for change. In May of established the right of the federal
this year 300 people gathered at Chicago's government to supervise railroad activity
Haymarket Square to protest police brutality and established this five member
– a striker had been wounded at the interstate commerce commition for that
McCormick Harvester plant the day before. 1886 purpose.
Then someone tossed a bomb into the chaos
that followed.
1886 Samual Gompers- lead the 1887
cigar makers international union to
join with other craft unions. The
American federation of labor with
gonpers as its president, focused on
collective bargaining to reach written
agreements on wages, hours, and
working conditions.

14. George Eastman- Developed a
series of more convenient alternative to
heavy glass plates previously used. Now,
instead of carrying there dark rooms
around with them, photographers could
use flexible film, coded with gelatin
meulsions, and could send there film to a
studio for processing. Eastman introduced
the Kodak camera in this year. 1889
1887
1888 Jane Adams- one of the
Dawes Act- Passed by congress in most influential members of the
1887 aiming to “Americanize” the native movement for Settlement houses.
Americans. The act broke up the Her and Ellen Gates Starr founded
reservations and gave some of the Chicago's wull house in this year.
reservation land to individual native
Americans. The government would sell
there remainder of the reservations to
settlers, and the resulting income would
used by native Americans to buy farm
implements.

15. Wounded Knee- On
December 28, 1890 the seventh
Calvary rounded up 350 starving
and freezing Sioux and took the to a
camp at Wounded Knee Creek in
South Dakota. The next day a shot Kickback-
was fired from which side it was not Illegal payments
clear the soldiers open fire with a giving to political
deadly canon within minutes the
machines.
seventh Calvary slaughtered as
many as 300 people mostly
1890 unarmed Native Americans.
1890
Ghost Dance- A 1890 Sherman Anti Trust Act- Made it 1890
profit promise that if the illegal to form a trust that interfered with
Sioux performed this ritual free trade between states or with other
that the native Americans countries. Prosecuting companies over the
land and way of life would Sherman Act was not easy. However, because
be restored. the act didn’t clearly define items such as a
trust the government stopped trying to
enforce the Sherman Act.

16. Eugene vs.
Debs-Most of the
new union members
Ellis Island- were unskilled and
From 1892 to 1924 semi skilled labors. But
this was the cheap skilled engineers and
immigration station in 1894 firemen joined to. In
1892 the United States. this year the new union
won a strike for higher
wages.
Pullman Strike-The
nation wide conflict
1892 between the new
Populist- Those who form the American rail ways union
1894
Populist in 1892. On July 2, 1892 a accord in Pullman, Illinois
populist party convention in and over 4000 worker
Omaha, Nebraska demanded strict.
reforms to lift the burden of debt
from farmers and other workers
and give the people a greater voice
in the government.

17. W.E. B DuBois– The
First African American to “Gross of Gold
receive a doctorate from Speech”- “Having behind us
Harvard. Founded the Niagara he producing masses of this
movement and said that nation and the world, supported
blacks should seek the liberal by the commercial interest, the
arts education so that the William McKinley- laboring interest, and the tollers
African American community Republican parties candidate everywhere, we will answer
would have well educated for the 1896 campaign won there demand for gold standard
leaders. the reelection with 7 million by saying to them we shall not
1896 votes. crucify upon a cross of gold.”
1896
1895 Plessey vs. 1896 William Jennings 1896
Ferguson- The Bryan- The editor of the
supreme court ruled that Omaha wond,herald, delivered the
the separation of races in “Cross of Gold” speech on July 8,
public accommodations 1896.
was legal and did not
violate the 14
amendment.

18. Mail order Debt Peonage – A
system that bond laborers
catalogue- into slavery in order to
Catalogues were novelties
work off a debt to a
when Sears Montgomery
employer. Not until 1911
ward arrived on the scene
did the Supreme court
by the mid 1900’s more 13
declare involuntary
billion filled the mail boxes
Peonage a violation of the
of Americans and they
13 amendment.
1917
1899 shopped from home. 1910
Zaudeville- A 1899 1900 1911
writing in the Scribner's Angel Island- 50, 000 Literacy Test- A
magazine, actor Edwin Milton Chinese immigrants entered the
Royle heailed this theatre as “ test giving to voters that
United States through Angel Island
An American Invention that determines if there
offered something that nearly in Francisco Bay. allowed to vote or not.
attracted everyone.”

19. http://www.wikipedia.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)