history of contemporary architecture - 06. Art Nouveau - Part 1.ppt

Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and
Beaux Arts
Art Nouveau
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz 1

• French in Origin, Art Nouveau means "New Style“.
• It represents the beginning of modernism in design (Modern Architecture).
• It occurred at a time when mass-produced consumer goods began to fill the
marketplace, and designers, architects, and artists began to understand that the
handcrafted work of centuries past could be lost.
• While reclaiming this craft tradition, art nouveau designers simultaneously rejected
traditional styles in favor of new, organic forms that emphasized humanity's
connection to nature.
2
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Art Nouveau

– Art Nouveau
• Began in France (Late 19th Century – Early 20th Century).
• Rejection of Beaux-Arts and Neoclassicism.
• It is the major Background to modern architecture.
• It is a New Art and a New Architecture.
• Free Style.
• Dynamic.
• Continuation of the Arts and Crafts movements, where arts should be
applied to benefit architecture.
• Incorporates Organic and Natural Forms into the decoration.
• Architecture +Interior Design, Fashion, Graphic Arts, Decorative Arts.
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Art Nouveau

– Art Nouveau
• A lot of importance to crafts.
• A new Concept of Ornaments, Ornamentations is rejected because this is
applied and unrelated to object, rather they are functional ornaments,
where it is part of the structure and the design.
• They believed in the vocabularies of masses:
 Applied 3D studies of arts and crafts.
 Returned to Nature, sensual feelings, flowers, and curves.
 Curvilinear lines.
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Art Nouveau

– Art Nouveau
It embraced all forms of art and design:
• Architecture.
• Furniture.
• Glassware.
• graphic design.
• Jewelry.
• Painting.
• Pottery.
• Metalwork.
• Textile.
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Art Nouveau

– Art Nouveau buildings have many of these features:
• Asymmetrical shapes.
• Extensive use of arches and curved forms.
• Curved glass.
• Curving, plant-like embellishments.
• Mosaics.
• Stained glass.
• Japanese motifs.
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Art Nouveau

Pierre Francastel
Divides Art Nouveau into two main
tendencies that could broadly termed;
• The organic.
• The rationalist.
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Art Nouveau

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Rationalist:
Glasglow shool of art (Mackintosh school)
Glasglow, Scotland, 1897-1909
-dependent on the straight line.
Organic:
Gaudi house
Barcelona, Spain, 1903
-gives precedence to the curved line and
floral shapes.
Art Nouveau

Stephan Tschudi Madsen
(Art Historian)
Proposed a more subtle classification, but still
relies on an assumed antagonism between
four designs.
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Art Nouveau

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2. A floral approach focusing on
organic plant forms.
(Galle, Majorelle, Vallin)
1. An abstract, structural style with a
strong symbolic and dynamic
tendency (France & Belgium)
(Horta, Guimard, Van de Velde)
Aquarium Pavillion
Henry Van de Velde’s house
In his book Sources of Art Nouveau, he describes for styles:
Art Nouveau

11
4. A structured, geometric style (Austria &
Germany).
(Wagner, Olbrich, Hoffmann, Loos)
3. The linear, flat approach, with a
heavy symbolic element.
(Glasglow group, Mackintosh)
Majolikahaus in Vienna
by Otto Wagner
Glasgow School of Art
by Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Art Nouveau

Architects like:
Victor Horta (Belgian architect and designer)
(January 6, 1861 - September 8 1947)
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Art Nouveau
• Victor Horta created buildings which rejected
historical styles and marked the beginning of
modern architecture.
• He conceived modern architecture as an abstract
principle derived from relations to the
environment, rather than on the imitation of forms.
• Organic forms established by Horta do not meet
standard ideas of modern architecture, but Horta
generated references ideas of manymodernist.

– Victor Horta (Belgium) 1892
• He was a socialist that turned to look for solutions for middle class housing
projects.
• He saw that Beaux-Arts were a crime.
• He used art work in his designs.
• Used functional and organic projects.
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Art Nouveau

Example of his work: Masion de People,
which was a housing that was demolished
later that included housing, apartments and
shops”
 They used metal and Cast Iron, and for
the first time for the ceiling.
 Solid / Void relationship.
 Atrium space with trusses.
 Ornaments with steel within the structure
itself that added to the beauty of the
building.
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Art Nouveau

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Art Nouveau
Masion de People - Victor Horta

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Art Nouveau
Masion de People - Victor Horta

Victor Horta
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Art Nouveau
Hotel Tassel
Brussels, Belgium
Construction started 1893
Completed 1894
(1st Art Nouveau Building in the World)

Victor Horta
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Art Nouveau
Hotel Tassel
Stairway of Tassel House, Brussels

Victor Horta
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Art Nouveau
Hôtel van Eetvelde
Brussels, Belgium
Completed 1900

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Art Nouveau
Victor Horta
Hôtel van Eetvelde
Brussels, Belgium
Completed 1900

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Art Nouveau
Victor Horta
Hôtel van Eetvelde
Brussels, Belgium
Completed 1900
Hôtel van Eetvelde office : fireplace

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Art Nouveau
Victor Horta
Hôtel van Eetvelde
Brussels, Belgium
Completed 1900

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Art Nouveau
Victor Horta
Hôtel Solvay
Brussels, Belgium
Completed 1900

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Art Nouveau
Victor Horta
Hôtel Solvay
Brussels, Belgium
Completed 1900

25
Art Nouveau
Victor Horta
Horta Museum
formerly known as
Maison & Atelier Horta
Brussels, Belgium
Completed 1900

27
Art Nouveau
Hector Guimard
(French architect)
(Lyon, March 10, 1867 – New York,
May 20, 1942)

28
Art Nouveau
Hector Guimard
Castel Beranger
Paris, France
1890 circa
Building Type
multi-familty housing,
apartment building
Construction
System
bearing masonry, brick, cast
iron
Climate temperate
Context urban
Notes Graceful asymmetrical
wrought iron entry gate,
precedent to work of
contemporary American
blacksmith Albert Paley.

29
Art Nouveau
Hector Guimard
Castel Beranger
Paris, France
1890 circa
Details of Castel Beranger

30
Art Nouveau
Hector Guimard
Paris Metro Entrances
Paris, France
1899 to 1905
Building Type
light rail rapid
transit stations
Construction
System
iron and glass
Climate temperate
Context urban
Notes Graceful organic
forms.

32
Art Nouveau
Hector Guimard
Hotel Guimard
Paris, France
1912
Building Type private residence hotel
Construction System cut stone bearing masonry
Climate temperate
Context urban
Notes Elegant facade with organic
detailing.

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Art Nouveau
Louis Sullivan
(American architect)
(September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924)
"father of skyscrapers“
"father of modernism“
one of "the recognized trinity of American
architecture"
FATHER OF MODERNARCHITECTURE

FAMOUS MODERN ARCHITECTS
Louis Henry Sullivan
• an American architect, and has been called the “father of
skyscrapers” and “prophet of modern architecture”.
• Conceived the most famous phrase ever to come out of
his profession, “form follows function”.
• Sullivan’s architecture is a mixture of plain geometry and
undisguised massing punctuated with elaborate pockets
of ornamentation in stone, wood and terra cotta.
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35
Art Nouveau
Louis Sullivan
Sullivan's designs generally involved a
simple geometric form decorated with
ornamentation based on organic
symbolism.
As an organizer and formal theorist on
aesthetics, he propounded an architecture
that exhibited the spirit of the time and
needs of the people.
Considered one of the most influential
forces in the Chicago School, his
philosophy that form should always follow
function went beyond functional and
structural expressions.

36
Art Nouveau
Louis Sullivan
He influenced by Hobson Richardson, whom
Sullivan was a great admirer.
"Schlesinger-Mayer Store", "Carson, Pirie and
Scott Store", Chicago.
Form Follows Function!

Louis Sullivan (American)
Louis Sullivan, Carson,
Pirie, Scott Building
(Chicago), 1899-1904
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Art Nouveau

Louis Sullivan (American)
• Art Nouveau (organic / natural motifs
and decoration.
• Used Cast iron decoration on first and
second floors.
• Large display windows.
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Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott Building (Chicago),
1899-1904
Art Nouveau

"form follows function", as opposed to "form follows
precedent"
•ten floors of offices.
•covered with white
terracotta tiles hung on
the steel frame
•punctuated by rows of
large windows.
•Sits on a two-storey base
•Framed as part of the
metal structure
•Panels above and
around the main
doorways are filled with
Sullivan’s own luxurious
decoration in cast iron.
Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company
Building,
Sullivan, 1899

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Art Nouveau
Louis Sullivan
Wainwright Building
Missouri, USA
1890 to 1891
Height: 44.81 meters / 147 feet
Stories: 10

Wainwright State Office Building
• The Wainwright Building is among the first
skyscrapers in the world.
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10-story red brick office building

The Chicago School
• Chicago's architecture is famous
throughout the world and one
style is referred to as the
Chicago School. In the history of
architecture, the Chicago School
was a school of architects active
in Chicago at the turn of the 20th
century.
• Right: The Chicago fire of 1871
destroyed most of the city and
gave an opportunity for architects
to design and build new
structures.
43

The first skyscraper
The intent of the Chicago architects was
to dispense of historical styles.
This set the tone for the modern
movement.
The crucial event of the movement was
the design of the skyscraper.
New technologies:
• Steel-frame construction in commercial
buildings.
• The elevator, invented in 1852 made
multi-storey buildings possible.
44

– Henry Van de Velde (Belguim) 1895
• Started in Belgium and worked in German.
• Wanted arts to serve architecture.
• Concrete is used to provide ornaments.
• He designed furniture also.
• Borrowing from his own Flemish
background and the English Arts & Crafts
movement, Van de Velde developed a
highly detailed, style. Using concrete as
an expressive element, he created
ornamental designs and ornate interiors
which directly influenced the Art Nouveau
movement.
– Gaudy (Spain)
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Art Nouveau

Henry Van der Velde (Belguim) 1895
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Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against
Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Bloemenwerf house
• The residence house of
Belgian painter, architect and
interior designer Henry van
de Velde.
• Built in 1895.
• It is located at Belgium.
• Velde designed the house
and its interior as well as the
furnishings.
• It was inspired in part
by William Morris' Red
House.

Henry Van der Velde (Belguim) 1895
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Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against
Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Bloemenwerf house
He designed the house, from the door,
furnishings to the wallpaper, the same
patterns of embellishments and flowing
linear shapes.

• Josef Hoffman
– It was close to the World War I that
formed nations in Europe and in
many African and Far East
countries, where before that there
was empires like the Ottoman
empire.
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The Stoclet Palace in Brussels (1904-1911)
Art Nouveau

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• Josef Hoffman
The Stoclet Palace in Brussels (1904-
1911), was designed by Josef
Hoffman.
– Amid the exciting but eccentric Art
Nouveau-inspired domestic
designs of central Brussels, this
precise example of the sober
geometrical Viennese version of
the style comes as a surprise.
– It is carefully modulated building.
– The almost cubic geometry of the
exterior builds up to a dominant
staircase tower.
– The interior spaces are equally well
controlled and the geometrical
theme, possibly inspired by
Mackintosh, runs right through.
Art Nouveau

• H. P. Berlage:
– Honesty of structure
– Use of materials according to its
propertiesDecorations according
to structure
– Ornaments
– from steel and concrete
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Art Nouveau

• Autto Wagner (1904-1906):
– Subways Stations as new projects.
– Post Office Saving Bank, Vienna 1904-1906.
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Art Nouveau

To be continued 
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