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Psychology

  Lecture 2
Warm up exercise
  "Lying to your friends”
    Students will go around the room and tell two true and one
    untrue thing about themselves. Students will then try to guess
    which were true and which were untrue.
  This exercise is to explore the concept of stereotyping and
  impression formation among other concepts.
Psychologists
  Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), Edward Titchener (1867 –
  1927)
    Studied about basic element of human consciousness
    This is known as “Structuralism”
    They used the method called “Introspection” to look inwardly at
    one’s own conscious experience
William James (1842-1910)
  Tried to understand the “Survival value”
    He believe that thinking, feeling, learning, remembering, and
     other mental processes exist only because they help us survive
     as a species
    Because human can think logically so we are better able to find
     food, avoid danger, and care for our children all of which help
     the human species survive.
    This is known as “Functionalism”
Herman Ebbinghaus (1850-1909),
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)
  Studies of memory
    They found that forgetting is very rapid at first but proceeds
     slowly thereafter.
    Almost half of his original learning was lost within 20 minutes
     and almost all of the forgetting that was going to occur had
     occurred within about 9 hours
Cognitive psychology
  Cognition is a broad term that refers to all intellectual
   processes, perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering,
   knowing, deciding, and so on
  In many ways cognitive psychology is the heart of modern
   psychology
Behaviorism and Social learning theory
  Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
    Did not interest in the adaptive functions of consciousness .
    This approach is known as behaviorism because they believed
     that it was not possible to study conscious experience
     scientifically.
    Instead, the behaviorists studied the adaptive value of learning
     from experience
Social learning theory
  Social learning theory states that the most important aspects
   of our behaviour are learned from other persons in society
  We learn to be who we are from our family, friends, and
   culture. The social learning viewpoint, which integrates
   aspects of behaviorism and the cognitive perspective,
   continues to be an important theoretical perspective today.
Nature of the unconscious mind
  While most of the psychologists were focusing on the
   structure of the brain, or on conscious mental processes or
   overt behaviour.
  Others were moving in yet another direction.
  They believed that the most important aspect of human
   psychology was the mental processes of which we are
   “unaware”.
Sigmund Freud
  Freud believed that the roots of the psychological problems
  he tried to treat were innate motives, particularly sexual and
  aggressive ones that reside in an unconscious part of the
  mind.
Humanistic psychology and the
unconscious mind
  Humanistic psychologists believe that the unconscious mind
   often defeats our efforts to make good, conscious decisions.
  To the humanists, our view of what we are like “Our self-
   concept” is the key element of conscious decision making.
Humanistic
  If you think you are intelligent, you may sign up for a difficult
   college course
  However, society also makes it difficult to have an accurate
   self-concept because we are constantly bombarded with
   information from society that says only attractive good
   looking people are worth loving.
  So what if you are a little dull, slightly clumsy and not so
   attractive?
Neuroscience perspective
  Focuses on the nervous system in explaining behaviour and
   mental process.
  The structures of the brain that play roles in emotion,
   reasoning, speaking, and other psychological processes.
Contemporary perspectives and
specialty areas in psychology
  Sociocultural Perspective
    People are all the same in Fundamentally important ways and
     yet different in other equally important ways.
    We are all the same in the sense that the principles of
     psychology apply equally to all of us, your brain has the same
     working parts whether you are a woman of Chinese descent
     who was raised in Holland or a Man of Swedish descent raised
     in Ohio.
    Even so, people also are different from one another. Their
     gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, and unique experiences
     all contribute to these differences
Sociocultural perspective
  How well educated are the members of your family?
  What is your political philosophy?
  If all these things about you were different, would you be a
     different person in important ways?
    I am not asking you if you would be a better or a worse person,
     but I am asking only if you would be psychologically different
     from who you are presently.
    All of these important questions are addressed by the sociocultural
     perspective in psychology.
    During the past 20 years psychologists overlook the important
     message that the human race comes in a rainbow of sociocultural
     varieties.
    So “Human Diversity” explore differences related to gender,
     ethnicity, age, physical disability and other factors.
Cultural Relativity
  Sociocultural not only encourages us to consider cultural and
  social factors when attempting to understand our neighbors but
  also require that we not misuse that information.
    Sociocultural perspective promotes culture in relative terms rather
     than judmental terms, although virtually every culture in the world
     views other cultures as inferior.
    That is sociocultural perspective promotes the view that different
     cultures, ethnic groups, genders, and sexual orientations are simply
     different from, rather inferior to, others.
    Also, it reminds us that not all members of a given culture, ethic
     group, or gender are “alike”. Some are tall some are short, some are
     good at mathematics and some are not.
Common Sense Quiz
  Focusing on a person’s voice is a better way to detect whether someone is telling a
   lie than focusing on the person’s face.
  We tend to see the people in our own groups as more diverse and different from
   each other than we see people in other groups.
  People in a sad mood are less likely to help others than are people in a neutral mood
  Simply having other people around tends to make individuals perform better on easy
   tasks.
  Physically attractive individuals are usually seen as less intelligent than physically
   unattractive individuals.
  Women are more likely to reveal intimate facts and feelings to someone else than are
   men.
  People are more likely to be aggressive when it’s hot outside than when it’s cool.
  Male-to-female relationship violence is much more common than female-to-male
   relationship violence.
  Very wealthy people (e.g., lottery winners) are happier than most other people.

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Presentation 2

  • 2. Warm up exercise   "Lying to your friends”   Students will go around the room and tell two true and one untrue thing about themselves. Students will then try to guess which were true and which were untrue.   This exercise is to explore the concept of stereotyping and impression formation among other concepts.
  • 3. Psychologists   Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), Edward Titchener (1867 – 1927)   Studied about basic element of human consciousness   This is known as “Structuralism”   They used the method called “Introspection” to look inwardly at one’s own conscious experience
  • 4. William James (1842-1910)   Tried to understand the “Survival value”   He believe that thinking, feeling, learning, remembering, and other mental processes exist only because they help us survive as a species   Because human can think logically so we are better able to find food, avoid danger, and care for our children all of which help the human species survive.   This is known as “Functionalism”
  • 5. Herman Ebbinghaus (1850-1909), Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)   Studies of memory   They found that forgetting is very rapid at first but proceeds slowly thereafter.   Almost half of his original learning was lost within 20 minutes and almost all of the forgetting that was going to occur had occurred within about 9 hours
  • 6. Cognitive psychology   Cognition is a broad term that refers to all intellectual processes, perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering, knowing, deciding, and so on   In many ways cognitive psychology is the heart of modern psychology
  • 7. Behaviorism and Social learning theory   Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)   Did not interest in the adaptive functions of consciousness .   This approach is known as behaviorism because they believed that it was not possible to study conscious experience scientifically.   Instead, the behaviorists studied the adaptive value of learning from experience
  • 8. Social learning theory   Social learning theory states that the most important aspects of our behaviour are learned from other persons in society   We learn to be who we are from our family, friends, and culture. The social learning viewpoint, which integrates aspects of behaviorism and the cognitive perspective, continues to be an important theoretical perspective today.
  • 9. Nature of the unconscious mind   While most of the psychologists were focusing on the structure of the brain, or on conscious mental processes or overt behaviour.   Others were moving in yet another direction.   They believed that the most important aspect of human psychology was the mental processes of which we are “unaware”.
  • 10. Sigmund Freud   Freud believed that the roots of the psychological problems he tried to treat were innate motives, particularly sexual and aggressive ones that reside in an unconscious part of the mind.
  • 11. Humanistic psychology and the unconscious mind   Humanistic psychologists believe that the unconscious mind often defeats our efforts to make good, conscious decisions.   To the humanists, our view of what we are like “Our self- concept” is the key element of conscious decision making.
  • 12. Humanistic   If you think you are intelligent, you may sign up for a difficult college course   However, society also makes it difficult to have an accurate self-concept because we are constantly bombarded with information from society that says only attractive good looking people are worth loving.   So what if you are a little dull, slightly clumsy and not so attractive?
  • 13. Neuroscience perspective   Focuses on the nervous system in explaining behaviour and mental process.   The structures of the brain that play roles in emotion, reasoning, speaking, and other psychological processes.
  • 14. Contemporary perspectives and specialty areas in psychology   Sociocultural Perspective   People are all the same in Fundamentally important ways and yet different in other equally important ways.   We are all the same in the sense that the principles of psychology apply equally to all of us, your brain has the same working parts whether you are a woman of Chinese descent who was raised in Holland or a Man of Swedish descent raised in Ohio.   Even so, people also are different from one another. Their gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, and unique experiences all contribute to these differences
  • 15. Sociocultural perspective   How well educated are the members of your family?   What is your political philosophy?   If all these things about you were different, would you be a different person in important ways?   I am not asking you if you would be a better or a worse person, but I am asking only if you would be psychologically different from who you are presently.   All of these important questions are addressed by the sociocultural perspective in psychology.   During the past 20 years psychologists overlook the important message that the human race comes in a rainbow of sociocultural varieties.   So “Human Diversity” explore differences related to gender, ethnicity, age, physical disability and other factors.
  • 16. Cultural Relativity   Sociocultural not only encourages us to consider cultural and social factors when attempting to understand our neighbors but also require that we not misuse that information.   Sociocultural perspective promotes culture in relative terms rather than judmental terms, although virtually every culture in the world views other cultures as inferior.   That is sociocultural perspective promotes the view that different cultures, ethnic groups, genders, and sexual orientations are simply different from, rather inferior to, others.   Also, it reminds us that not all members of a given culture, ethic group, or gender are “alike”. Some are tall some are short, some are good at mathematics and some are not.
  • 17. Common Sense Quiz   Focusing on a person’s voice is a better way to detect whether someone is telling a lie than focusing on the person’s face.   We tend to see the people in our own groups as more diverse and different from each other than we see people in other groups.   People in a sad mood are less likely to help others than are people in a neutral mood   Simply having other people around tends to make individuals perform better on easy tasks.   Physically attractive individuals are usually seen as less intelligent than physically unattractive individuals.   Women are more likely to reveal intimate facts and feelings to someone else than are men.   People are more likely to be aggressive when it’s hot outside than when it’s cool.   Male-to-female relationship violence is much more common than female-to-male relationship violence.   Very wealthy people (e.g., lottery winners) are happier than most other people.