Location-based services (LBS) provide location-aware information to mobile device users through mobile networks and location detection technologies. LBS use several components including mobile devices, positioning platforms, communication networks, service providers, and data providers. Location-aware query processing enables both snapshot queries that retrieve information based on the user's current location, as well as continuous queries that track objects as their locations change over time. Common techniques for location-aware query processing include result validation, caching, prediction, and incremental evaluation.