Professor Dame Carole Jordan: a remarkable career

Professor Dame Carole
Jordan, B.Sc., Ph. D.,
DBE, FRS, FInstP, ...
-A remarkable career

(with emphasis on the “early years”) based partly on a
lunchtime conversation, 28 April 2011 with
Philip Judge, of the High Altitude Observatory
Wednesday, July 20, 2011

Harrow County Grammar
School for Girls ``Nisi Dominus Frustra’’
Carole had ``read books by
Eddington and Hoyle in the
school library, and [in spite of
this- PGJ] wanted to do
astronomy’’


University College London
Carole was interviewed by CW Allen, Perren
Professor of Astronomy at UCL/director of Mill Hill
Observatory, and offered a place to study
astronomy.


University College London


1959- undergraduate


1959- undergraduate
``Sept. 14, 1959: Moon Feels
First Cold Touch of
Humans’’
``Luna 2 becomes the first artifact of
humanity to strike the moon.
The Soviet Union launched The Sputnik-
like probe from the Baikonur
Cosmodrome on Sept. 12. It took 33.5
hours to reach its destination. Hitting the
moon, as prestigious an accomplishment
as it was for the young Soviet space
program, was not Luna 2's only objective.
Prior to impact, the craft also sent back
data confirming, among other things, that
the moon had neither a magnetic field nor
any radiation belts.’’

It confirmed Luna 1’s discovery of
particles emanating from the Sun.

1961- CJ’s ﬁrst paper


1961- CJ’s ﬁrst paper
Selenological implications drawn from the
distortions of craters in the Hipparchus region of
the Moon
Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 9, p.3

Gilbert Fielder and Carole Jordan
University of London Observatory, Mill Hill Park,
London, N.W.7 UK
Received 8 November 1961.


1962 University College
London: postgraduate


1962 University College
London: postgraduate
Following her 1st degree in astronomy, Allen
suggested 3 projects:
1. A-star statistics
2. oscillator strengths from
laboratory measurements
3. Tousey's recent spectra
containing many unidentiﬁed lines
in EUV, 170-280 Angstrom


Tousey’s EUV spectra


Carole and Tousey’s EUV
spectra
Allen remarked that if she could solve the origin of the EUV lines (at
the time unidentified) she might make a name for herself.

Carole made Z-expansions using Edlen's method, computed gfs, used a
modified semi-empirical formula for the collision strengths, and built
emission measures from lines of Si.

With the above data, Carole thought that ''iron should be present in
the lists of identifications". She was first to propose that these
were 3p-3d transitions in the ions Fe IX to Fe XIV.

She identified some lines in Fe XIV, making use of f-values calculated
by Garstang.

Carole, Culham and Zeta
In 1963 CW Allen attended an open day
at Culham and saw that the many un-
identiﬁed lines in the EUV spectrum of
the Zeta plasma device resembled those
in the solar spectrum. In a later visit to
Culham with Allen, Carole pointed out
the presence of the Fe XV (284 A) line
in Zeta. Her suggestion that Fe XIV
might be present was conﬁrmed.
Gabriel and Fawcett thought the lines
might be Fe II - IV.

She was “100% sure” that the lines
were the 3p - 3d transitions in the
higher ions.

UCL Thesis 1965: "Analysis of the solar
ultraviolet spectrum"

Lab Spectroscopy at
Culham
Line crowding (from different ions and due to fine structure) made
individual line identifications difficult.

The detailed identifications were based on much laboratory work at
Culham by Brian Fawcett and Alan Gabriel and, in the Nature
(1965) letter with Carole, included lines of Fe VIII to XII.

Carole spent 6 weeks and odd days at Culham, helping to trace
isoelectronic lines in the lab spectra. Problems were apparent in
low ions (< stage IV), which Gabriel resolved by realizing that
these were due to configuration interaction.


100% sure?


100% sure?

You bet!

SDO 2011:
Blue Fe IX 171
Green Fe XII 194
Red Fe XIV 210


1965-1966
1965 - Wilson (Head of Culham's
Spectroscopy Division), offered
her a post through a UKAEA
grant to UCL. But Garstang had
offered a postdoc position at
JILA (Boulder), supported by his
US Army grant. Her Culham post
was held open while in 1966 she
spent 9 months in Boulder, as
the ﬁrst female research
associate at JILA.


1965-1966
associate at JILA.
Ithaca AAS meeting:
Goldberg talk: “coronal Fe/Si = photosphere” (Fe XV, Fe XVI)


1965-1966
associate at JILA.
Ithaca AAS meeting:
CJ: “Fe/Si ~ 10x photosphere” (new lines Fe X, Fe XI)


1965-1966
associate at JILA.
Ithaca AAS meeting:
Goldberg: “Gee, I hope my parachute opens”


1965-1966
associate at JILA.
Ithaca AAS meeting:
Goldberg: “Gee, I hope my parachute opens”
modern phot. Fe/Si=CJ corona (Fe gf values 1972-4)
aside: corona is “well-mixed” Woolley+Allen 1948

CJ’s late 1960s
At JILA she extended ionisation-balance calculations (slide
rule+computer) in 1966, later published in 1969:
- DR from Burgess general formula
- reduction in DR at high densities, from his work on low
ions

Assist. Lect., Dept. Astron. UCL, seconded to Culham 1966–69.

“Disappointed” by the offer of a postdoc at Culham, not an
established post. Wilson later apologized, he was then “still
not sure” that she wanted a long-term scientiﬁc career.


He-like lines and
satellites 1968-73
Pioneer in identiﬁcation/diagnostic use of He-like and Li-like
satellite lines in lab and solar X-ray spectra (with Gabriel).

CJ was ﬁrst to propose that a strong feature longward of
He I-like E1 intersystem line 1s 2 1S - 1s2p 3P
0 1
is the forbidden M1 transition 1s2 1S0 - 1s2s 3S1

CJ and Gabriel developed the now-widely-used spectral
diagnostic techniques for n, T


satellite lines


satellite lines

Edlen’s lab spectra showed only the satellite lines from
excitations of Li I-like inner shells, no DR lines

He-like lines 1968-73


He-like lines- examples

Si XIII

O VII: EPIC/MOS, XMM-Newton, ξ Boo A

Pandey & Srivastava 2009

He-like lines- examples

Solar Flare class X2, P78-1, McKenzie et al 1980

high-Z satellite lines
1982 MNRAS


Eclipse 1970: “the right
stuff”
International Consortium
Culham ARU
Harvard College Observatory
Imperial College London
York University, Toronto

Mission to ﬂy a rocket into the shadow path of the 1970 total eclipse-
Gabriel et al. 1971, ApJ, 169, 595


Eclipse 1970: “the right
stuff”


Eclipse 1970:CJ’s IDs


Eclipse 1970:
think about it
CJ identiﬁed 20/28 coronal lines observed between
1190-2190 Angstroms during the 1970 eclipse, and
has continued to help to “ﬁll in the gaps” of our
knowledge of the solar spectrum.

This can probably happen no more, the work is done.


1969-20?? Helium
Hearn 1969 MNRAS. Emission coefﬁcients for helium EUV lines

CJ: used solar emd and Hearn's calculations to predict helium line
intensities- found to be too low. With Hearn made non-eqm wind outﬂow
calculations- but these did not help.

CJ proposed that any process that subjected He I and He II to electrons
with energies higher than expected in ionization equilibrium would
enhance the lines, owing to the larger sensitivity of the E/kT term in the
collisional excitation rates (Δn ≧ 1 transitions).

CJ’s seminal papers:
Jordan, C., 1975, MNRAS 170, 429
Jordan, C., 1980; Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A297, 541


1969-20?? Helium
Hearn 1969 MNRAS. Emission coefficients for helium EUV lines

CJ: used solar emd and Hearn's calculations to predict helium line
intensities- found to be too low. With Hearn made non-eqm wind outflow
calculations- but these did not help.

CJ proposed that any process that subjected He I and He II to electrons
with energies higher than expected in ionization equilibrium would
enhance the lines, owing to the larger sensitivity of the E/kT term in the
collisional excitation rates (Δn ≧ 1 transitions).

Jordan, C., 1975, MNRAS 170, 429
Jordan, C., 1980; Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A297, 541
It’s the stuff that does not fit that leads to progress...
and these lines power the earth’s thermosphere/ionosphere.

CJ’s 1970-1976
Astrophysics Research Unit, Culham Laboratory, director R. Wilson:

Post-doctoral research assistant, 1969–71

Senior Scientific Officer, 1971–73 (Scientific Civil Service)

Principal Scientific Officer, 1973–76

Wilson became UCL Perren Professor in 1972. The ARU, funded by SRC,
came under pressure to become more of a 'service', not independent,
research group. Plans were afoot to move the ARU from Culham.

She had some teaching experience in WEA (Workers Education
Association), and at USAF base Upper Heyford: the American service
people were "absolutely delightful".

1976: Jo Peach (Chemistry Fellow at Somerville College, wife of
astronomer John Peach) told her about a new Tutorial Fellowship in
Physics at Somerville)...

Solar gamma, X, and EUV radiation; IAU/
COSPAR Symposium, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
June 11-14, 1974.


CJ, Allen, coronal holes


CJ, meetings, debates
Structure of the quiet chromosphere and corona. Gabriel, A. H., in "The
energy balance and hydrodynamics of the solar chromosphere and
corona", Proc IAU 36, Sep 6-10 1976. Discussion p. 400 - 418.


R. G. Athay
".. the question of the inversion of the intensity integral...when
radiation losses dominate we expect temperature plateaus"


R. G. Athay
".. the question of the inversion of the intensity integral...when
radiation losses dominate we expect temperature plateaus"

C. Jordan
"Analyses of emission measures, which I have carried out, based on
normal incidence spectra for both the disc and center-limb ratios give
reliable models in the temperature range 30,000-100,000 K. These
models have been published and leave little room for temperature
plateaus of signiﬁcant width".


serious refereeing
Carole has contributed to the health of (astro-) physics worldwide as an
outstanding, critical and fair referee of programs, proposals, papers, etc.

She (always?) identiﬁes herself to the authors of papers- a role model
... though it is not always easy to see it that way.


serious refereeing
Carole has contributed to the health of (astro-) physics worldwide as an
outstanding, critical and fair referee of programs, proposals, papers, etc.

She (always?) identiﬁes herself to the authors of papers- a role model
... though it is not always easy to see it that way.

Carole “the refer-ator” Jordan


1976, a pivotal time: CJ
-> Oxford


1976, a pivotal time: CJ
-> Oxford

Never mind the
“cold war”, this is
the “cod war”

1976-today
CJ and Oxford
Wolfson Tutorial Fellow in Natural Science, Somerville College 1976-2008
Emeritus Fellow 2008-

Reader in physics, 1994–96
Professor of physics 1996-2008

Head of the Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 2005–2008

Teaching:
tutorials/classes physics (12 hr/week to 1994, then 6 hr/week)
Finals examiner
lecturer (stat. mech., atomic physics, astroph. plasma spectroscopy,...)
undergraduate research supervision
graduate (D.Phil) research supervision
Graduate lectures and classes...

1976-today
CJ and Oxford
Wolfson Tutorial Fellow in Natural Science, Somerville College 1976-2008
Emeritus Fellow 2008-

Reader in physics, 1994–96
Professor of physics 1996-2008

Head of the Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 2005–2008

Teaching:
tutorials/classes physics (12 hr/week to 1994, then 6 hr/week)
Finals examiner
lecturer (stat. mech., atomic physics, astroph. plasma spectroscopy,...)
undergraduate research supervision
graduate (D.Phil) research supervision moral tutor
Graduate lectures and classes...

Post-graduate students,
postdocs
D.Phil. students (year awarded)

John Adam 1974 (UCL)
Rashpal Gill 1982
Blanca Mendoza 1984
Philip Judge 1985
Graham Harper 1988
Mark Munday 1990
Stefan Weber 1993
Andy Rowe 1996
Debbie Philippides 1996
Neil Grifﬁths 1996
Andrew McMurry 1997
Tetsuo Amaya 1999
Graeme Smith 2000
Stuart Sim 2002
Rachel Koncewicz


Post-graduate students,
postdocs
D.Phil. students (year awarded) PDRAs

John Adam 1974 (UCL) Alex Brown 1978 - 1981
Rashpal Gill 1982 Rashpal Gill 1982
Blanca Mendoza 1984 Nick Veck 1980 - 1983
Philip Judge 1985 Paul Kuin 1982 - 1984
Graham Harper 1988 Philip Judge 1985 -1988
Mark Munday 1990 Benjamin Montesinos 1987 - 1989
Stefan Weber 1993 Graham Harper 1988 - 1990
Andy Rowe 1996 J.L. Fernandez 1990 - 1991
Debbie Philippides 1996 Fukuo Nagai 1984-1985 SERC visiting fellow
Neil Grifﬁths 1996 Vincent Macaulay 1992 - 1993
Andrew McMurry 1997 Stefan Weber 1993
Tetsuo Amaya 1999 Hong-Chou Pan 1993 - 1995
Graeme Smith 2000 Keith McPherson 1996 - 1998
Stuart Sim 2002 Eric Houdebine 2001 - 2003
Rachel Koncewicz Jan-Uwe Ness 2004 - 2006
Hilary Kay 2006 - 2007

1976-today
selected activities


spectroscopy
NEW IDENTIFICATIONS:

! 1977 Jordan et al Lines of H2 in extreme-ultraviolet
solar spectra
1978 Bartoe et al CO UV emission
1980 Brown and Jordan S I emission in EUV
spectra of late-type stars
1983 Penston et al IUE and other new observations
of the slow nova RR Tel
1984 Johansson & Jordan Selective excitation of
Fe II in the laboratory
and late-type stellar atmospheres
1986 Jordan et al Identification of [Fe III] in
the solar ultraviolet spectrum
1987 Fawcett et al. New spectral line identifications
in high-temperature flares (7.7-10 Angstrom)
2011 Jordan The emission line near 1319 Angstrom
in solar and stellar spectra


spectroscopy
NEW IDENTIFICATIONS:

! 1977 Jordan et al Lines of H2 in extreme-ultraviolet
solar spectra
1978 Bartoe et al CO UV emission
1980 Brown and Jordan S I emission in EUV
spectra of late-type stars
1983 Penston et al IUE and other new observations
of the slow nova RR Tel
1984 Johansson & Jordan Selective excitation of
Fe II in the laboratory
and late-type stellar atmospheres
1986 Jordan et al Identification of [Fe III] in
the solar ultraviolet spectrum
1987 Fawcett et al. New spectral line identifications
in high-temperature flares (7.7-10 Angstrom)
2011 Jordan The emission line near 1319 Angstrom
in solar and stellar spectra

“..identified the emission lines concerned as forbidden (electric
quadrupole and magnetic dipole) transitions in Fe III, the first
detection of these particular transitions in any source”

1975-20?? Helium

Jordan, C., 1975, The intensities of helium lines in the solar EUV spectrum
MNRAS 170, 429
Jordan, C., 1980; Helium Line Emission: Its Relation to Atmospheric Structure
Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A297, 541

1997,1999 MacPherson & Jordan ...anomalous intensities of helium lines...
1999 MacPherson, Jordan & Smith Dynamical Behaviour Of Helium Lines
In The Quiet Solar Transition Region
2001 Jordan et al. The anomalous intensities of helium lines in a coronal hole
2002 Smith & Jordan !Enhancement of the helium resonance lines in the solar atmosphere
by suprathermal electron excitation - I. Non-thermal transport of helium ions
2003 Houdebine et al. New constraints on the formation of the helium lines
2005 Jordan, Smith & Houdebine !Photon scattering in the solar ultraviolet
lines of HeI and HeII


Atmospheric structure,
energy balance
1971 Jordan and Wilson The Determination of Chromospheric-Coronal Structure from Solar XUV Observations
1971 Burton et al. The Structure of the Chromosphere-Corona Transition Region from Limb and Disk Intensities
1973 Burton et al. Further Observations of the Structure of the Chromosphere-corona Transition Region
from Limb and Disk Intensities
1975 Jordan IAU The structure of solar active regions from EUV and soft X-ray observations
1975 Evans, Jordan Wilson Observations of chromospheric and coronal emission lines in F stars (Copernicus)
1975 Gabriel & Jordan Analysis of EUV observations of regions of the quiet and active corona at the time of the
1970 March 7 eclipse
1976 Jordan ! The structure and energy balance of solar active regions RSPTA
1980 Jordan A+A The energy balance of the solar transition region
1981 Brown & Jordan The chromosphere and corona of Procyon /alpha CMi, F5 IV-V
1981 Jordan SSRV The active sun
1981 Jordan and Brown "Energy balance in solar and stellar coronae" (Bonas)
1984 Brown, Ferraz, Jordan The chromosphere and corona of T Tauri Brown, Ferraz, Jordan
1984 Brown et al High-resolution, far-ultraviolet study of Beta Draconis (G2 Ib-II) -
Transition region structure and energy balance
1984 Jordan, Mendoza, Gill Observational constraints on heating processes
1985 Jordan Derivation of atmospheric structure from emission line ﬂuxes
1986 Jordan et al The outer atmosphere of Procyon (Alpha CMi F5IV-V) - Evidence of supergranulation or active regions
1986 Jordan Wave-driven winds from cool stars - Progress and problems
1987 Jordan et al The chromospheres and coronae of ﬁve G-K main-sequence stars
1988 Jordan & Kuin The outer atmospheres and winds of T Tau and RU LUPI
1992 Jordan Modelling of solar coronal loops, Mem. S. Astr. It. 63, 605-620
1996 Jordan The Chromosphere-Corona Transition Region in Late-Type Stars
2005 Sim & Jordan Modelling the chromosphere and transition region of ɛ Eri (K2 V)
2008 Ness & Jordan The corona and upper transition region of ɛEridani

Atmospheric structure,
energy balance:
quintessence
1992 Jordan Modelling of solar coronal loops, Mem.
S. Astr. It. 63, 605-620

"This review concentrates on what is known about
the observable parameters, and how these are
related to the theoretical energy balance equation"

-clariﬁes the physics behind “scaling laws”

etc


etc
flares

1981 Culhane et al. X-ray spectra of solar flares obtained with a high-resolution bent crystal spectrometer
Ca XVIII XIX, Fe XXV, XXIV, XXVI
1982 Jordan & Veck Comparison of observed CA XIX and CA XVIII relative line intensities with current theory
1984 Veck et al 1984 The development and cooling of a solar limb-flare
1984 Antonucci et al Derivation of ionization balance for calcium XVIII/XIX using XRP solar X-ray data
1985 Nagai & Jordan Gas dynamics in the impulsive phase of solar flares.
1986 Smale et al X-ray and optical observations of a dMe flare star in the T Tauri field
1995 Pan & Jordan 1995 ROSAT observations of the flare star CC ERI
1997 Pan et al An exceptional X-ray flare on the dMe star EQ1839.6+8002

stellar chromospheres and winds

rotation and magnetism

red giants, hybrid giants

T Tauri stars

Novae

AGNs
...


Awards and distinctions

1990 Fellow of the Royal Society of London

1990 Fellow of University College London

1991 Honorary Doctor of the University of Surrey

1993 Member, Academia Europeae

2008 Honorary DSc Queens University Belfast

2011 Honorary Fellow of the Inst. of Physics.


further awards and
distinctions
In 2000 Asteroid 8078 was named Carolejordan -


further awards and
distinctions
In 2000 Asteroid 8078 was named Carolejordan -

CJ is in the JPL "small body database"

further, further awards
and distinctions
2005 RAS Gold Medal (G) for "For contributions to solar
physics and their applications to stellar physics"


further, further awards
and distinctions
2005 RAS Gold Medal (G) for "For contributions to solar
physics and their applications to stellar physics"

(PGJ aside:

This medal was
produced under duress
from a ﬁling cabinet).


further, further, further
awards and distinctions


Some Dames Commander of the British Empire (DBEs)

1917 The Baroness Byron
1942 Katharine Jones, Matron-in-Chief, Queen Alexandra's
Nursing Service
1956 Margot Fonteyn
1971 Agatha Christie
1987 Iris Murdoch



Nursing Service
1956 Margot Fonteyn
1987 Iris Murdoch

2006 Carole Jordan for ''Contributions to Physics and
Astronomy''



Nursing Service
1956 Margot Fonteyn
1987 Iris Murdoch

2006 Carole Jordan for ''Contributions to Physics and
Astronomy'' , Matron-in-Chief, Queen Elizabeth II's
Spectroscopic Service

``Nisi Dominus Frustra’’


``Nisi Dominus Frustra’’

if not the master, all is in vain


Some of CJ’s traits I try to emulate

creativity
integrity
rigour
boldness

...and especially with (at least one of) her students...
generosity
humour
patience


Some of CJ’s traits I try to emulate

creativity
integrity
rigour
boldness

...and especially with (at least one of) her students...
generosity
humour
patience
For this and many other reasons,
thank you, Carole.

sidenote: CW Allen and
Carole’s Academic Heritage

Woolley & Allen 1948:
- dominance of two-body collisions in the corona
- “well-mixed” corona near 1MK
Woolley & Allen 1950:
- ﬁrst chromosphere-corona energy balance model including
conduction
- ambitious, but with realism.


Harrow County Grammar
School for Girls


Professor Dame Carole Jordan: a remarkable career

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