2. Jim Crow Laws -laws that created separate facilities for African Americans and whites (schools, restaurants, trains, hospitals, theaters, etc.) 31.2
3. Following World War II segregation remains legal in the general public Returning Soldiers Face Segregation 31.2
4. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) -the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities for African Americans and whites were equal, which they rarely were -“Separate but Equal” -made Jim Crow legal 31.3
5. 1948 President Truman Ends Segregation in the Armed Forces 31.3
6. -1954 Supreme Court ruled that separate schools could never be equal, thus striking down Plessy v. Ferguson -Linda Brown’s parents sued the Topeka Board of Education which denied her the right to attend a Topeka school -schools are ordered to desegregate 31.3 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
7. -December 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama and she is arrested and jailed - Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. a Baptist Minister, helps lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott and becomes a national Civil Rights leader. Montgomery Bus Boycott 31.4
15. Civil Disobedience: -refusing to obey certain laws in order to change those laws or change government policy -nonviolent techniques such as boycotting, picketing,etc. are used Nonviolent Protest 31.5
20. Nine African American students (Little Rock Nine) were escorted to school each day by the 101 st U.S. Army Airborne Division and the nationalized Arkansas National Guard for the 1957-1958 school year. The board of education of Little Rock cancelled the entire 1958-1959 school year. 31.5
27. Birmingham, Alabama -one of the most racially divided cities in America -civil rights activists organize nonviolent protests (sit ins, marches), which lead to mass arrests draw media attention and force integration 31.6
29. Under orders of police, fire fighters turn hoses on protesters. Hoses exert 700 pounds of pressure per square inch and can rip flesh from bone. 31.6
30. Children’s Marches -6,000 children age 6-16 -police used hoses, dogs and clubs -over 900 were arrested -reported in the media all over the world 31.6
31. Four Girls Killed in the Bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church September 1963, Bombing of 16 th Street Baptist Church 31.6
37. -ended segregation in public places Civil Rights Act 1964 -outlawed discrimination in hiring -gave the govt. the authority to enforce desegregation 31.7
38. Michael Schermer James Chaney Andrew Goodman 1964: Civil Rights Workers Murdered in Mississippi 31.7
39. Voting Rights Act 1965 -ended literacy tests -allowed federal officials to register voters in states where local officials refused to 31.7
41. -even in death he is one of the most influential figures in civil rights and nonviolent protest -Dr. King was killed by James Earl Ray in Memphis, Tennessee Assassination -April 4, 1968 31.7
