Sara Jones presented on information spaces for creative design. She discussed creativity research at City University London, including techniques used in creativity workshops like brainstorming. She described technologies like interactive surfaces and digitally augmented spaces that can support creativity. These include software tools, as well as the Creative Design Stations being developed at City University to support collaborative creativity through features like shared whiteboards, access to references, and creation of outputs. Future work involves further evaluating techniques and technologies through case studies.

1. Information Spaces for Creative Design HCID Open Day April 19th, 2011 Sara Jones Centre for HCI Design and Centre for Creativity in Professional Practice City University London saraj@soi.city.ac.uk http://hcid.soi.city.ac.uk/people/Sarajones.html

2. Team photos Neil Maiden Kristine Karlsen Kos Zachos Helena Sustar Meirion Williams

3. Outline Background Creativity research at City Techniques Creativity workshops Technologies Software tools Interactive surfaces and digitally augmented spaces

4. Context Interactive system requirements and design

5. Creativity research at City

6. Creativity research at City (contd) 5 year RCUK research fellowship: Creativity and the development of interactive systems 2 year JISC-funded project: Information Spaces for Creative Conversations Centre for Creativity in Professional Practice Masters in Innovation, Creativity and Leadership

7. Techniques used in creativity workshops Constraint removal Challenging boundaries Creativity triggers Analogical reasoning Solution presentation Storyboarding Divergent Convergent

8. Structuring a creativity workshop

9. Structuring a creativity workshop (contd)

10. Creativity workshop process and outputs

11. Creativity triggers

12. Creativity triggers

13. Constraint removal

14. The challenge in developing creativity support tools ‘preserve appropriate elements of existing knowledge work [creative practice] while shaping new technologies and then integrating them into the workplace’ Shneiderman, 2000

16. A designer designs by utilizing her/his repertoire of examples, images, understandings and actions from existing knowledge

18. Support exploration: easy to try things out, then backtrack; make functionality self-revealing; pleasurable and fun; sketching; trying ‘what if’s’.

19. Support many paths and many styles: ‘hard’ and ‘soft’; ‘left brain’ and ‘right brain’.

20. Support collaboration: teams of different talents; foster community

22. Mind mapping http://sourceforge.net/projects/freemind/

23. Sticky notes http://www.labnol.org/software/create-affinity-diagrams-with-sticky-sorter/5465/

24. Compendium Compendium is ‘a knowledge map software tool for visual thinking’ We used it in a constraint removal exercise to map out constraints, ideas and their pros and cons http://compendium.open.ac.uk/openlearn/screencasts.html

25. Combinformation For searchingfor inspiration, organising ideas and exploring combinations of ideas http://ecologylab.cse.tamu.edu/combinFormation/

26. Antique Analysts reason with analogical services retrieved by AnTiQue to invent previously unspecified requirements These requirements are ranked as more creative by domain experts (Zachos et al 2008)

28. Support for collaborative creativity Historical focus on lone genius being replaced by interest in social creativity, ‘co-creation’. We believe in the importance of neighborhoods and communities in fostering innovation IDEO (Kelley and Litman, 2001)

29. Additional design principles for collaborative support tools From Mamykina et al, 2002: enable groups to devise shared language and understanding, and to share knowledge resources From Fischer et al, 2005: enable development of Communities of Practice and Communities of Interest eg through externalisations or boundary objects From Warr and O’Neill 2005: Reduce or eliminate production blocking by allowing multiple users to act in parallel Reduce evaluation apprehension by making ideas anonymous OR Reduce social loafing (or free riding) by attributing ideas

30. Our first exploratory study With children doing a design task (designing a classroom layout) on a multitouch table Lots of production blocking! Also evaluation apprehension Social loafing not such a problem Adults may be different?!

31. Another exploratory study With adults doing a design task (sketching the user interface for a mobile calendar/clock application) 2 – 3 team members working together on a multitouch table, and 1 in a remote location using a tablet PC Team connected using Adobe Connect and Skype

32. Mezatop Purpose-built interactive surface is supporting wider range of studies

33. Further exploration of digitally augmented spaces Inspired by product design involving physical artefacts and dynamic sketching

34. Creative Design Station capabilities Whiteboard Whiteboard with projection Whiteboard with projection and recording

35. Creative Design Stations in action – year 1

36. Creative Design Station use – year 1 Viewing – sharing previously identified or created artefacts Planning, recording Doing – co-designing or building

37. Creative Design Stations in action – year 2

38. Creative Design Station use – year 2 Joint work on creativity techniques eg brainstorming, challenging boundaries, creativity triggers, storyboarding. Shared access to reference materials from online spaces, inspirations from internet searches. Joint creation of written materials in online spaces. Shared access to physical artefacts. Private and joint creation of outputs eg storyboards.

39. Ongoing work and future plans Further evaluation of techniques and technologies - looking for more case studies! FP7 MIRROR project: supporting learning at work through creative problem solving combination of mobile apps and on-line discussion fora Discussion after this!

40. Online forum for further discussion

41. Please get in touch! Sara Jones Centre for HCI Design and Centre for Creativity in Professional Practice City University London saraj@soi.city.ac.uk http://hcid.soi.city.ac.uk/people/Sarajones.html @svjaok Online discussion at: http://www.google.com/moderator/#16/e=7274f I’ll tweet the link!

42. References and Related Reading Shneiderman, B., 2000, ‘Creating Creativity: User Interfaces for Supporting Innovation’, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, vol 7, no 1, pp114-138 Johnson, H and Carruthers, L, 2006, ‘Supporting Creative and Reflective Processes’, Int. J. Human-Computer Studies, vol 64, pp998-1030 Shneiderman, B, Fischer, G, Czerwinski, M, Myers, B and Resnick, M, 2005, ‘Creativity Support Tools: A workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation’ Schon, D, 1983, The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action’, Basic Books, New York

43. References and Related Reading Hewett, T T, 2005, ‘Informing the design of computer-based environments to support creativity’, Int J Human-Computer Studies 63, pp383-409 Zachos, K. Maiden, N., ‘Inventing Requirements from Software: An Empirical Investigation with Web Services’, in Proceedings 16th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, RE08, 2008 Karlsen, I.K, Maiden, M., Kerne, A., ‘Inventing Requirements with Creativity Support Tools’, in Proceedings REFSQ09, LNCS 5512/2009, Springer, 2009 Centre for HCI Design

44. References and Related Reading Streitz, N et al, 1999, ‘i-Land: An interactive Landscape for Creativity and Innovation’, CHI’99 Arias et al, 2000, ‘Transcending the Individual Human Mind—Creating Shared Understanding through Collaborative Design’, ACM ToCHI, 7(1), 84-113 Sugimoto et al, 2004, ‘Caretta: A System for Supporting Face-to-Face Collaboration by Integrating Personal and Shared Spaces’, CHI’04 Centre for HCI Design

45. References and Related Reading Rogers et al, 2006, ‘Extending Tabletops to Support Flexible Collaborative Interactions’, IEEE Tabletop Hilliges et al, 2007, ‘Designing for Collaborative Creative Problem Solving’, Creativity and Cognition 07 Buisine et al, 2007, ‘Computer-Supported Creativity: Evaluation of a Tabletop Mind-Map Application’, LNCS 4562/2007 Mamykina et al, 2002, ‘Collaborative Creativity’, CACM 45(10) Fischer et al, 2005, ‘Beyond Binay Choices: Integrating Individual and Social Creativity’, IJHCS 63, 482-512 Warr, A and O’Neill, E, 2005, ‘Understanding Design as a Social Creative Process’, Creativity and Cognition 05 Centre for HCI Design

46. References and Related Reading Fischer, G, 2004, ‘Social Creativity: Turning Barriers into Opportunities for Collaborative Design’, Proc 8th Conference on Participatory Design Gumm, D, et al, 2006, ‘Distributed Participatory Design – A Case Study’ Proc Nordichi workshop on DPD Farooq et al, 2005, ‘Supporting Creativity in Distributed Svientific Communities’ Conference on Supporting Group Work Fischer, G, 2005, ‘Distances and Diversity: Sources for Social Creativity’, Proceedings of the 5th conference on Creativity & Cognition Centre for HCI Design