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[object Object],fitness Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chances for survival adaptation

[object Object],Natural variation in population provides basis for natural selection to act Overproduction of offspring forces competition for resources (struggle for survival) Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce; Other organisms die or leave fewer offspring ( survival of the fittest/natural selection ) Species alive today have descended with modification from ancestral species that lived in the distant past All organisms are united into a single “tree of life” (common descent)

[object Object],evolution Differences among individuals within a species Natural variation

[object Object],Homologous structures Organs that are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors Vestigial organs

[object Object],[object Object],fossil Islands that Darwin visited on his voyage on the Beagle that started him thinking about how organisms change over time Galapagos

[object Object],temporal http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html http://www.zwani.com/graphics/antivalentines_day/images/4heart.gif pre http://www.horton-szar.net/clipart/animals4.php

[object Object],Descent with Modifications Idea that organisms that are best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce Survival of the Fittest

[object Object],Webbed feet, horns, antlers, claws, feathers, wings, camouflage, . . . . there are a million GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION Nocturnal (coming out at night); Flying south for the winter, living in herds, “ wagon train” defense; burrowing; hibernation

[object Object],Artificial selection Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments Convergent evolution

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],“ On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection” Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environments Divergent evolution

[object Object],[object Object],Homologous http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Alfred Russel Wallace French naturalist who hypothesized that organisms acquire traits during their lifetime through use or disuse which can be passed on to offspring Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Explain what was correct about Lamarck’s Inheritance of Acquired Traits hypothesis First theory about evolution; Organisms do change and adapt to their environments Genes determine which traits are passed on; unless genes are changed the acquired trait will only show in the original organism

[object Object],Behavioral http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html pre http://www.webweaver.nu/clipart/insects2.shtml

[object Object],Fossils Geographic distribution Homologous structures Vestigial organs Embryology DNA Pseudogenes Artificial selection Can see natural selection work antibiotic resistance, new diseases,

[object Object],Habitat http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html http://www.zwani.com/graphics/antivalentines_day/images/4heart.gif pre http://www.animalpicturesarchive.com/animal/

[object Object],Common descent What Darwin called natural selection? Survival of the fittest

[object Object],[object Object],Natural variation The practice of breeding dogs to produce offspring with specific traits is an example of _________________ artificial selection

[object Object],Vestigial organs How would Lamarck explain these giraffes with longer necks? Giraffes stretched their necks to reach food in tall trees and this acquired characteristic is passed on to their offspring. Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

How would Darwin explain these giraffes with longer necks? Populations naturally have individuals with different sizes of necks (natural variation) The ones with longer necks are better able to get food, survive, and pass on their longer neck alleles. Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

[object Object],[object Object],micro p

[object Object],[object Object],beaks Why did Darwin first hesitate to publish his ideas about evolution? His findings challenged fundamental scientific beliefs at the time

[object Object],[object Object],hypothesis mutation

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Charles Lyell Who realized that human populations were increasing and said eventually there would not be enough food and space for everyone? Thomas Malthus

[object Object],divergent What do we call genes that have lost their function due to mutations? pseudogenes

[object Object],Banding pattern matches It has telomeres in the middle instead of just at the ends. It has an extra inactive centromere instead of just one.

[object Object],Human arm, bird wing, whale flipper Give an example of a pseudogene you learned about Vitamin C gene in primates, genes for “smell” in humans

[object Object],[object Object],theory H.M.S. Beagle

[object Object],James Hutton Who is the scientist that proposed the idea of “Inheritance of Acquired Traits”? Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Alfred Wallace When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some antelope are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s theory of evolution might be used to describe this situation? Survival of the fittest; natural selection

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Explain what was correct about Lamarck’s Inheritance of Acquired Traits hypothesis LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME TO BEST FIT THEIR ENVIRONMENTS TRAITS ARE DETERMINED BY GENES; ACQUIRED TRAITS ARE NOT PASSED ON

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Adaptive radiation Natural selection competition

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],C. Darwin didn’t know about DNA!

[object Object],Random mating NO mutations LARGE population NO movement IN OR OUT NO natural selection

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],C. Humans have a nonfunctional vitamin C making gene, and its not on chromosome #2

[object Object],Polygenic trait Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environments Divergent evolution OR Adaptive radiation

[object Object],Natural variation Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments or to solve similar problems Convergent evolution

[object Object],mutation Changes in the allele frequency in a small population that are due to random chance and don’t follow the laws of probability Genetic drift

[object Object],Gene pool A situation in which the allele frequencies in a population do NOT change and the population does NOT EVOLVE Genetic equilibrium

[object Object],Founder effect Idea that allele frequency will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change Hardy-Weinberg Principle

[object Object],mechanical http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.htm lhttp://newhaven828.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8347ae50569e200e5538e3c2e8834-320pi pre

[object Object],p + q = 1 P 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 The number of times a certain allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur Relative frequency

[object Object],Mutations caused by mistakes in copying DNA caused by radiation or environmental chemicals Gene shuffling during meiosis crossing over independent assortment

[object Object],[object Object],directional selection Lighter colored peppered moths were more common in England prior to the Industrial revolution. As pollution increased, the darker colored moths were less likely to be eaten. Over time darker colored moths have become more abundant in the population.

[object Object],[object Object],There is NO EVOLUTION q 2

Can all the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg ever be met? MOST OF THE TIME NO WAY! You can have small & isolated populations (no moving in or out) BUT. . . there is always non-random mating, mutations, & natural selection. So there is ALMOST ALWAYS EVOLUTION HAPPENING !

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],gradualism Punctuated equilibrium

[object Object],founder A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population evolution

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Punctuated equilibrium Horse evolution shows long stable periods of little evolution interrupted by brief periods of rapid change Biology by Miller and Levine Pearson Publishing

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mass extinction At the end of the Cretaceous period an asteroid hit the Earth causing the loss of many species including the dinosaurs

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Adaptive radiation (divergent evolution) The Galápagos finches evolved through natural selection from a common ancestor into a wide variety of different looking species with different kinds of beaks http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],coevolution Hummingbirds have a beak just the right length to reach the nectar in a cardinal flower and as they feed their foreheads bump into the pollen structure. Cardinal flowers are red which hummingbirds can see, but bees can’t, and their pollen structure is at just the right height for the hummingbird to pick up pollen as it feeds.

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Convergent evolution Whales, sharks, and penguins all have streamlined bodies and fins/flipper for moving in water even though they belong in different animal groups (mammals, fish, and birds)

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution Beaver in North America and capybara in South America are closely related species living in very different environments that have evolved to look different over time. BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine Pearson Publishing Beaver NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu Beaver Muskrat Beaver and Muskrat Coypu

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution The tortoises on the Galapagos islands share a common ancestor, but over time they have become adapted for obtaining food in different habitats on different islands by having different neck lengths

[object Object],[object Object],Stabilizing selection Human babies born smaller than average are likely to be less healthy and less likely to survive. Larger than average babies are likely to have difficulty being born. The fitness of these larger or smaller weight babies is lower than average-sized babies so human babies tend to born of average size.

[object Object],[object Object],disruptive selection A population of birds lives in an area where plants with medium sized seeds are wiped out by a fungal infection. Birds with unusually large or small beaks would have higher fitness than those with medium sized beaks. Over time the population splits into two subgroups; one that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds.

[object Object],post http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html infertility

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Mendel q

[object Object],pre http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.html gametic http://sisu.typepad.com/sisu/spongebob.jpg

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],macro p 2

[object Object],[object Object],Allopatric “other country” 2pq

[object Object],[object Object],sympatric “same country” biogeography

[object Object],breakdown http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.htm http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Open_cotton_plant.jpg post

[object Object],Gene flow Kind of genetic drift in which a sudden change in the environment (ex: earthquake, tidal wave, fire) drastically reduces the size of population Bottleneck effect

[object Object],Heterozygote advantage Kind of genetic drift in which a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and establish a new population whose gene pool is different from the parent population Founder effect

[object Object],inviability http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/19/ch19summary.htm l http://www.animationlibrary.com post

[object Object],[object Object],EVOLUTION IS STILL HAPPENING

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