1. Ms. Patten
2012

2. agriculture
the deliberate tending of crops
and livestock to produce food
and fiber

4. WHEN and WHERE
Throughout history until about 10,000 BCE
South Asia, East Asia and Southwest Asia
Two men return from a hunt. The Hadza
are one of the few contemporary African
societies that live primarily by foraging.

5. SIZE AND ORGANIZATION
Small populations of 25-250
Some prosperous areas could sustain more people
large amounts of land
clan/family structure
property held in common

6. DIVISION OF LABOR
rigid roles
gender specialization:
men hunted and women gathered

7. ACTIVITIES
nomadic lifestyle
hunting animals
fishing
gathering nuts and berries, bugs, seeds,
roots

8. LIFESTYLE VALUES
few possessions as life was extremely mobile
groups needed to be able to pack up and move on at
any time

9. FOOD SUPPLY
insects, nuts, roots, berries,
meat, fish (fresh and dried)
Fish trapped in times of low
tide, stone traps
Harpoons and baskets, spears
Hooks made from wood, bone,
seashells and horn
Most modern day hunters and
gatherers have been pushed
onto marginalized land: dry,
cold and inhospitable

10. TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY
 Poisoned spears and axes
from wood, bone, stone,
clubs (used to hit and
throw) , sticks,
bows/arrows, poisoned
waterholes
 Fire (used to make food
digestible and to drive
animals off cliffs or into
traps)
 dugout canoe, sticks to
carry carcasses, sleds,
baskets
 Rudimentary metal
working, stone pots,
grinders

11. SOCIAL
small populations and families
mobile
fire became symbol of community
no carbohydrates meant no cavities = healthy teeth

13. WHEN
10,000BCE or 12,000 ya
domestication of plants and animals occurred
simultaneously in several parts of the world, leading
to the 1st Agricultural Revolution
Independent invention

14. WHERE
Nile River, Mesopotamia, Indus River, Yellow River
first conscious cultivation of plants may have
involved root crops and occurred in S and SE Asia

15. WHERE

16. Plant and Animal Domestication

17. Plant and Animal Domestication

18. Plant and Animal Domestication

19. Ancient Culture Hearths

20. SIZE AND ORGANIZATION
first permanent settlements
small amounts of land
stratified classes based on job
agriculture enabled people to
settle permanently in one area
with the assurance that food
would be available in seasons to
come

21. DIVISION OF LABOR
status of women falls
specialization originates
land held in common

22. ACTIVITIES
domestication of plants and animals
cultivation of plants
controlled reproduction of animals
storage of goods

23. LIFESTYLE VALUES
sedentary lifestyle emerges
This enabled animal
domestication (8000-14,000
ya)
 Animals first as pets
 Animals may have attached
themselves to human
settlements as scavengers or for
protection against predators
possessions begin to hold
value

24. FOOD SUPPLY
flora and fauna
meats, grains, dairy (?)
subsistence agriculture
timliness of planting and harvesting…
storage of products
food surplus/shortages

25. TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY
metal weapons
earliest use of plows
Sedentary = civilization???

26. SOCIAL
more kids
outmigration of farmers and
absorption of foraging peoples
spread of disease
shorter lifespan due to disease,
war, childbirth and poor
sanitation
modest population growth

28. WHEN and WHERE
late middle ages-1900
coincided with the industrial revolution
began in several discrete widely scattered places
Europe

29. SIZE AND ORGANIZATION
individual land ownership
intensive and commercial agriculture

30. DIVISION OF LABOR
less people employed in agriculture
greater production per worker due to technological
advances

31. ACTIVITIES
crop rotation
selective breeding of livestock
nitrogen
legumes for nitrogen value
fallow fields
Townshend’s Four Field System

32. LIFESTYLE VALUES
greater diversification
surplus
commercial farms

33. FOOD SUPPLY
yield increase
cereal grains
turnip as animal feed
nitrogen rich crops

34. TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY
seed drill as alternative to
broadcasting
threshing machines
tractors replacing animal power Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill
cotton gin
fertilizer
field drainage brought new land
under production for the first
time

35. SOCIAL
drastic population increase
Made possible the clustering of even larger populations
larger families

37. WHEN
1940’s-present
Also called the Green Revolution

38. WHERE
Began in MDC's and spread to LDC's

39. SIZE AND ORGANIZATION
large scale commercial farming

40. DIVISION OF LABOR
intensive and extensive agriculture with the
assistance of machines

41. ACTIVITIES
expanded farm acerage
heightened role of technology in crop production
double cropping-S. Asia
besides cultivation (p) farmers also involve
themselves in the manufacturing and sales of their
product

42. LIFESTYLE VALUES
fewer farmers
< 2% in the US are in agriculture
expansion of secondary and tertiary sector
employment

43. FOOD SUPPLY
wheat, rice, millet, corn: miracle grains most affected

44. TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology
Genetically engineered food
Selective breeding
cloning
Irrigation systems
fertilizers
pesticides

45. SOCIAL
population growth
Environmental damage
pollution
erosion