2. Sexual and Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction occurs when a new individual
is formed through the union of two sex cells
(gametes).
produce zygote
Haploid gametes formed by meiosis in sex organs
(gonads).
Asexual reproduction occurs when genetically
identical cells are produced from a single parent
cell by mitosis.
fission or budding
6. Gametogenesis
Gamete production
By meiosis
The chromosomal number in gamete is half of
chromosomal number in parent cell
Gamete will carry different genetic constitution
7.
8.
9. -Testis is located in scrotum, outside the body to maintain the low
temperature [suitable for gamete production]
-Inside the testes, seminiferous tubule is densely coiled, connected to
epididymis that connected to vas deferans that connected to semenal
vesicle.
10.
11.
12. Male Reproductive System
Male accessory sex organs
epididymis
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
urethra
19. Male Reproductive System
Spermatozoa
Head encloses nucleus and capped by an acrosome -
contains enzymes that aid in egg penetration.
body and tail provide propulsion
20. Epididymis -
• Nonmotile
sperm arrive
in Epididymus
- Tubules on
outer surface
of testis where
sperm mature
(18 hrs.) and
are stored.
Epididymus
21. 1. Prostate gland - large gland behind
urinary bladder and produces
seminal fluid.
2. Seminal vesicles - paired glands at
bases of vas deferentia and produce
seminal fluid.
Seminal fluid serves as a lubricant,
pH buffer, and nutrient (high in
sugars) seminal
vesicle
prostate
22. Male Reproductive System
Hormonal control of male reproduction
FSH stimulates the Sertoli to facilitate sperm
development.
LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete
testosterone.
Principle negative feedback inhibition applies
to FSH and LH secretion.
32. Female Reproductive System
Menstrual and estrous cycles
At birth, a female’s ovaries contain
approximately 2 million follicles.
Some follicles are stimulated to
develop each cycle.
Human menstrual cycle lasts
approximately one month, and is
commonly divided into a follicular
phase and a luteal phase.
63. Substances that able to diffuse
across the placenta from mother to
fetus:
Oxygen
Amino Acid
Glucose
Fatty acid and glycerol
Vitamin
Antibody
Any virus, drugs, alchohol.
64. Substances that able to diffuse
across the placenta from fets to
mother blood:
Carbon dioxide
Uric acid
Urea
77. Hormone involve
Pituitary secretes:
FSH [Follicle Stimulating Hormone] stimulate the
development of follicle in the ovary
LH [Luteinizing – stimulate ovulation
From ovary:
Follicle cells produce Estrogen
- – stimulate the endometrial wall (uterine lining) after
menstrual
Corpus luteum produces Progestrone
- – stimulate and maintain the thickness of endometrial.
83. Identical twin
Produce after fertilization of an ovum by a sperm
Membentuk satu zigot
Diperingkat morula berlaku pemisahan tisu kepada dua – dua fetus
berkembang serentak
Berkongsi plasenta
Ciri-ciri:
Jantina sama
Rupa paras sama
89. Fraternal twin
Two ovum produce at a time
Fertilezed by two sperm
Two zigotes formed
Not sharing the plasenta
Developed into two babies with:
Same or different gender
Different feature
107. Infertility has been defined as the
inability of a couple to conceive
after one year of regular intercourse
without the use of contraceptives.
The definition has also come
to include couples who are able to
conceive but, due to repeated miscarriages,
are unable to carry a pregnancy to term.
108. causes of infertility
>>>In men, these include environmental
and hormonal factors that affect the production of
healthy, motile sperm and normal semen, as well as
blockages that affect the delivery of sperm
>>>In women, the causes are more varied since she plays a
greater role in reproduction. First, one of the organs involved
in reproduction may be absent, mal-formed or non-functional.
Second, the organs may be normal, but the complex
hormonal feedback system that is necessary to
support follicular development, ovulation and implantation
of the fertilized egg may be disrupted
109.
110. If there are enough sperms ?
>>less than 20 million sperm per ml,
this is considered to be a low
sperm count.
>>Less than 10 million is very low.
111. # Whether the sperms are
moving well or not
Grade a ( fast progressive) sperms are those
which swim forward fast in a straight line
Grade b ( slow progressive) sperms swim forward,
but either in a curved or crooked line,
Grade c ( nonprogressive) sperms move their tails,
but do not move forward ( local motility only).
Grade d ( immotile ) sperms do not move at all
112. Whether the sperms are
normally shaped or not
>> a good sperm should have a regular
oval head, with a connecting mid-piece
and a long straight tail.
>> abnormal
* round heads;
* pin heads;
* very large heads;
* double heads;
* absent tails
