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Case econ08 ppt_18
1.
PART IV CONCEPTS
AND PROBLEMS IN MACROECONOMICS Chapter 18 Introduction to Macroeconomics Prepared by: Fernando & Yvonn Quijano © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair
2.
CHAPTER 18: Introduction
to Macroeconomics PART II CONCEPTS AND PROBLEMS IN MACROECONOMICS Introduction to Macroeconomics 18 Chapter Outline The Roots of Macroeconomics The Great Depression Recent Macroeconomic History Macroeconomic Concerns Inflation and Deflation Output Growth: Short Run and Long Run Unemployment Government In the Macroeconomy Fiscal Policy Monetary Policy Growth Policies The Components of the Macroeconomy The Circular Flow Diagram The Three Market Arenas The Methodology of Macroeconomics Connections to Microeconomics Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply The U.S. Economy Since 1900: Trends and Cycles Expansion and Contraction: The Business Cycle The U.S. Economy Since 1970 © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 2 of 38
3.
INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMICS CHAPTER
18: Introduction to Macroeconomics microeconomics Examines the functioning of individual industries and the behavior of individual decision- making units—business firms and households. macroeconomics Deals with the economy as a whole. Macroeconomics focuses on the determinants of total national income, deals with aggregates such as aggregate consumption and investment, and looks at the overall level of prices instead of individual prices. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 3 of 38
4.
INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMICS CHAPTER
18: Introduction to Macroeconomics aggregate behavior The behavior of all households and firms together. sticky prices Prices that do not always adjust rapidly to maintain equality between quantity supplied and quantity demanded. microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics The microeconomic principles underlying macroeconomic analysis. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 4 of 38
5.
THE ROOTS OF
MACROECONOMICS CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics THE GREAT DEPRESSION Great Depression The period of severe economic contraction and high unemployment that began in 1929 and continued throughout the 1930s. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 5 of 38
6.
THE ROOTS OF
MACROECONOMICS CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics Classical Models Classical economists applied microeconomic models, or “market clearing” models, to economy-wide problems. Simple classical models failed to explain the prolonged existence of high unemployment during the Great Depression. This provided the impetus for the development of macroeconomics. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 6 of 38
7.
THE ROOTS OF
MACROECONOMICS CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics The Keynesian Revolution In 1936, John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Much of macroeconomics has roots in Keynes’s work. According to Keynes, it is not prices and wages that determine the level of employment, as classical models had suggested, but instead the level of aggregate demand for goods and services. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 7 of 38
8.
THE ROOTS OF
MACROECONOMICS CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics RECENT MACROECONOMIC HISTORY Fine-Tuning in the 1960s fine-tuning The phrase used by Walter Heller to refer to the government’s role in regulating inflation and unemployment. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 8 of 38
9.
THE ROOTS OF
MACROECONOMICS CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics Disillusionment in the 1970s and Early 1980s stagflation Occurs when the overall price level rises rapidly (inflation) during periods of recession or high and persistent unemployment (stagnation). © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 9 of 38
10.
THE ROOTS OF
MACROECONOMICS CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics Good Times in the 1990s, Pause in 2000– 2001, and Recovery in 2002–2005 The strong economy in the 1990s and recovery in 2002–2005 did not lead to a convergence of views of macroeconomists about how the macroeconomy works. The discipline of macroeconomics is still in flux, and many important issues have yet to be resolved. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 10 of 38
11.
MACROECONOMIC CONCERNS CHAPTER 18:
Introduction to Macroeconomics Three of the major concerns of macroeconomics are: ■ Inflation ■ Output growth ■ Unemployment © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 11 of 38
12.
MACROECONOMIC CONCERNS CHAPTER 18:
Introduction to Macroeconomics INFLATION AND DEFLATION inflation An increase in the overall price level. hyperinflation A period of very rapid increases in the overall price level. deflation A decrease in the overall price level. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 12 of 38
13.
MACROECONOMIC CONCERNS CHAPTER 18:
Introduction to Macroeconomics OUTPUT GROWTH: SHORT RUN AND LONG RUN business cycle The cycle of short- term ups and downs in the economy. aggregate output The total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy in a given period. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 13 of 38
14.
MACROECONOMIC CONCERNS CHAPTER 18:
Introduction to Macroeconomics recession A period during which aggregate output declines. Conventionally, a period in which aggregate output declines for two consecutive quarters. depression A prolonged and deep recession. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 14 of 38
15.
MACROECONOMIC CONCERNS CHAPTER 18:
Introduction to Macroeconomics UNEMPLOYMENT unemployment rate The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 15 of 38
16.
GOVERNMENT IN THE
MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics There are three kinds of policy that the government has used to influence the macroeconomy: 1. Fiscal policy 2. Monetary policy 3. Growth or supply-side policies © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 16 of 38
17.
GOVERNMENT IN THE
MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics FISCAL POLICY fiscal policy Government policies concerning taxes and expenditures (spending). © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 17 of 38
18.
GOVERNMENT IN THE
MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics MONETARY POLICY monetary policy The tools used by the Federal Reserve to control the quantity of money in the economy. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 18 of 38
19.
GOVERNMENT IN THE
MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics GROWTH POLICIES supply-side policies Government policies that focus on stimulating aggregate supply instead of aggregate demand. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 19 of 38
20.
THE COMPONENTS OF
THE MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics Macroeconomics focuses on four groups: (3) households and (4) firms, which together compose the private sector, (5) the government (the public sector), and (6) the rest of the world (the international sector). © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 20 of 38
21.
THE COMPONENTS OF
THE MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics THE CIRCULAR FLOW DIAGRAM circular flow A diagram showing the income received and payments made by each sector of the economy. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 21 of 38
22.
THE COMPONENTS OF
THE MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics FIGURE 5.1 The Circular Flow of Payments © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 22 of 38
23.
THE COMPONENTS OF
THE MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics transfer payments Cash payments made by the government to people who do not supply goods, services, or labor in exchange for these payments. They include Social Security benefits, veterans’ benefits, and welfare payments. Everyone’s expenditures go somewhere. It is impossible to sell something without there being a buyer, and it is impossible to make a payment without there being a recipient. Every transaction must have two sides. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 23 of 38
24.
THE COMPONENTS OF
THE MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics THE THREE MARKET ARENAS Another way of looking at the ways households, firms, the government, and the rest of the world relate to each other is to consider the markets in which they interact. The three market arenas are: 1. Goods-and-services market 2. Labor market 3. Money (financial) market © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 24 of 38
25.
THE COMPONENTS OF
THE MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics Goods-and-Services Market Firms supply to the goods-and-services market. Households, the government, and firms demand from this market. Labor Market In this market, households supply labor, and firms and the government demand labor. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 25 of 38
26.
THE COMPONENTS OF
THE MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics Money Market Households supply funds to this market in the expectation of earning income, and also demand (borrow) funds from this market. Firms, government, and the rest of the world also engage in borrowing and lending, coordinated by financial institutions. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 26 of 38
27.
THE COMPONENTS OF
THE MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics Treasury bonds, notes, and bills Promissory notes issued by the federal government when it borrows money. corporate bonds Promissory notes issued by corporations when they borrow money. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 27 of 38
28.
THE COMPONENTS OF
THE MACROECONOMY CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics shares of stock Financial instruments that give to the holder a share in the firm’s ownership and therefore the right to share in the firm’s profits. dividends The portion of a corporation’s profits that the firm pays out each period to its shareholders. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 28 of 38
29.
THE METHODOLOGY OF
MACROECONOMICS CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics CONNECTIONS TO MICROECONOMICS The reason for looking to microeconomics for help in explaining macroeconomic events is simple: Macroeconomic behavior is the sum of all the microeconomic decisions made by individual households and firms. If the movements of macroeconomic aggregates, such as total output or total employment, reflect decisions made by individual firms and households, we cannot understand the former without some knowledge of the factors that influence the latter. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 29 of 38
30.
THE METHODOLOGY OF
MACROECONOMICS CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY aggregate demand The total demand for goods and services in an economy. aggregate supply The total supply of goods and services in an economy. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 30 of 38
31.
THE METHODOLOGY OF
MACROECONOMICS CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics FIGURE 5.2 The Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Curves © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 31 of 38
32.
THE U.S. ECONOMY
SINCE 1900: TRENDS AND CYCLES CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION: THE BUSINESS CYCLE FIGURE 5.3 A Typical Business Cycle © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 32 of 38
33.
THE U.S. ECONOMY
SINCE 1900: TRENDS AND CYCLES CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics expansion or boom The period in the business cycle from a trough up to a peak, during which output and employment rise. contraction, recession, or slump The period in the business cycle from a peak down to a trough, during which output and employment fall. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 33 of 38
34.
THE U.S. ECONOMY
SINCE 1900: TRENDS AND CYCLES CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics FIGURE 5.4 Real GDP, 1900–2004 © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 34 of 38
35.
THE U.S. ECONOMY
SINCE 1900: TRENDS AND CYCLES CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics THE U.S. ECONOMY SINCE 1970 FIGURE 5.5 Real GDP, 1970 I–2005 II © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 35 of 38
36.
THE U.S. ECONOMY
SINCE 1900: TRENDS AND CYCLES CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics FIGURE 5.6 Unemployment Rate, 1970 I–2005 II © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 36 of 38
37.
THE U.S. ECONOMY
SINCE 1900: TRENDS AND CYCLES CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics FIGURE 5.7 Percentage Change in the GDP Deflator (Four-Quarter Average), 1970 I–2005 II © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 37 of 38
38.
REVIEW TERMS AND
CONCEPTS CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Macroeconomics aggregate behavior hyperinflation aggregate demand inflation aggregate output macroeconomics aggregate supply microeconomic foundations business cycle of macroeconomics circular flow microeconomics contraction, recession, or monetary policy slump recession corporate bonds shares of stock deflation stagflation depression sticky prices dividends supply-side policies expansion or boom transfer payments fine-tuning Treasury bonds, notes, bills fiscal policy unemployment rate Great Depression © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 38 of 38
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