Between 1860-1914, Western European powers and the United States engaged in imperialism and colonial expansion throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Technological advances like steamships allowed Western nations to establish colonies to gain access to raw materials and new markets. By 1914, Europe had colonized almost all of Africa and Asia. Colonial rule exploited local populations and economies but also introduced new infrastructure, technologies, and education systems. Over time, this led to the rise of nationalist independence movements seeking self-rule in the colonized regions.

1. (1869-1914)
Chapter 27

2. Intro
 Between 1860-1914, Western expansion and
colonialism spread throughout the rest of the world
as Great Britain, Spain, Holland, France, Germany,
Russia and the U.S. all competed for markets and raw
materials for their expanding economies.
 The industrialization of the late 19th century increased
the power of Europeans and North Americans over
nature and over the peoples of other continents.
 By the end of the 19th century, virtually all of the
peoples of Asia and Africa were under colonial rule.

3. Cont…
 We will look at how and why it happened, the results
and consequences, as well as the reaction from the
conquered peoples of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
 “Technological advances explain both the motives and
the outcome of the New Imperialism”

4. Chapter 21 - Section 1

5. Imperialism
 What is Imperialism?
 Imperialism is the extension of a nation’s power over
other lands. (Ex, Crusades, Britain’s colonies in America,
and even our own territorial expansion)
 This “new” form of imperialism began
as nations now sought nothing less
than total control over
other territories.

6. The New Imperialism
 In the late 19th century (1880’s), a new phase of
Western expansion and an intense scramble for new
territory began.
 European nations began to view Asia and Africa as a
source of much needed raw materials (coal, iron, and
copper) AND a new market to send their
manufactured goods.
 Early European imperialism was in the form of small
colonies, trading posts, and missionary work, but that
was beginning to change.

7. The New Imperialism
 Why?
 Motives for Imperialism
1. Economic
2. Political
3. Cultural
 “White man’s burden”
 Social Darwinism/ Racism

8. 1. Economic Reasons
 Western industrial nations were looking for both
 raw materials (natural resources) to run their factories and
 markets to sell their manufactured goods.

9. 2. Political
 Power Symbol: European nations were involved in
heated rivalries and competing for power.
 Think of the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente from
Chapter 20
 Status Symbol: Owning colonies was a status symbol.
It showed your strength as a nation as well as a
symbol of prestige.
 Similar to why countries want nuclear weapons today

10. 3. Cultural
 Social Darwinism: believed that in the struggle
between nations, only the strongest would survive.
 Racists believed that particular races were superior or
inferior.
“A community of men is as subject as a community of ants or as
a herd of buffaloes… It serves no purpose to protest at what some
term their cruelty and their bloodthirstiness. . . Mankind as a
whole, like the individual man, advances through pain and
suffering. The path of progress is strewn with the wreck of
nations; traces are everywhere to be seen of the [slaughtered
remains] of inferior races…Yet these dead peoples are, in very
truth, the steppingstones on which mankind has arisen to the
higher intellectual and deeper emotional life of today.”

11. “White man’s burden”
 What is a “burden”?
 Think Frodo and the ring…
 Some argued that European’s had a moral
obligation or a duty to civilize and help the primitive
people of Africa and Asia.
 They called this responsibility the “white man’s
burden”
 Part of this responsibility was to bring the Christian
message to the indigenous peoples of Asia and Africa
as well as “western” forms of government (democracy)
and economic systems (capitalism).

12. Colonial Takeover in SE Asia
• By the early 20th century virtually the entire region of
Southeast Asia was under Western control.

13. Colonial Takeover - Britain
 In 1819 Great Britain founded a colony at the tip of
the Malay Peninsula called Singapore.
 This was a major stopping point for the new
steamship traffic going to and from China.
 Britain also advanced into the kingdom of Burma.
 They wanted to protect their possessions in
India and gain a land route between India and
China.
 Britain soon established control over the entire
country.

14. Colonial Takeover - France
 France nervously watched Britain’s advance into SE
Asia.
 France was able to colonize Vietnam by forcing them
to accept French protection, therefore making them a
French protectorate.
 Protectorate - a political unit
that depends on another
government for protection.

15. Colonial Takeover – The U.S.
 In 1898, the United States defeated the Spanish
fleet in Manila Bay, allowing the Americans to
colonize the Philippines.
 The U.S. believed it had a moral obligation to
“civilize other parts of the world.”
 But the U.S. had other motives as well.
 It looked at the Philippines as a
stepping stone to the rich trade
markets of China .
 It was also trying to prevent the
Japanese from gaining control
of the area.

16. American Intervention in Latin America
• As Americans invested in Latin America (sugar and
tobacco plantations), they demanded that these
investments be protected. American military forces
intervened in Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Haiti, and the
Dominican Republic.
• In some instances, U.S. military forces stayed for
decades, as in Haiti and Nicaragua, leading to Latin
American resentment of North American
intervention.
• Panama Canal - The U.S joins the party (pg 730)

17. Europe and Latin America
 After 1865, Europeans avoided territorial expansion in
Latin America for 4 reasons.
1. They were overextended in Europe
2. There was no need. Economic /trade cooperation.
3. Proven resistance
4. The U.S.
 Claimed to defend the entire Western Hemisphere against
all outside intervention.

18. Colonial Regimes
 European countries controlled the governments and
economies of their new colonies in Southeast Asia and
Africa.
 Their chief goal was to exploit the natural resources of the
land and open up new markets for their own
manufactured goods.
 Western powers governed over their new colonies either
by:
 direct rule or
 indirect rule.

19. Indirect Rule
 This system allowed the local political rulers to
maintain their positions of authority and status.
 Benefits of indirect rule:
 More accepted by local people
 Faster access to regions natural resources
 Less foreign officials = less expensive
 Less effects on local culture
 Risks of indirect rule:
 Not as strong and less intimidating.
 This led to more resistance and revolts.

20. Direct Rule
 Countries that ruled directly removed all local
rulers from power and replaced them with new
officials brought over from the mother country.
 This system was used whenever local peoples
resisted colonial rule.
 To justify their conquests, Western powers spoke
about bringing the blessings of advanced
technologies, economies, and religions.

21. Colonial Regimes
 The colonial powers did not want their colonies to
develop their own industries so they stressed the
exporting of raw materials.
 Consequences:
 Peasants were forced to work on plantations and mines owned by the
colonial powers for very low wages and conditions were very
dangerous and unhealthy.
 Environmental problems
 Loss of culture.
 However, colonial governments did bring some benefits:
 New fast and efficient transportation. (Highways, railroads, and
steamships)
 Modern and global economic systems were introduced.
 Irrigation technology, new agriculture.

22. Resistance to Colonial Rule
 Many native people were quite unhappy with being
governed by Western powers and began to resistance.
 Early resistance movements failed as they were quickly
overcome by Western powers.
 Around the turn of the century (1900), a new kind of
resistance began to emerge.
 This new form of resistance was based on the force of
nationalism and led by a new local class of intellectuals that
were educated by Western standards in Western-style
schools.
 They protested against Western arrogance and failure to
observe local customs and eventually began to demand
their independence.

23. Chapter 21 - Section 1

24. Video

25. The Scramble for Africa
• Before 1880, Europeans controlled little
of Africa but between 1880 and 1890, intense rivalries
among themselves placed virtually all of Africa under
European rule.
• The motives for European Imperialism remained the
same as the ones we looked at for Asia.
1. Economic
2. Political
3. Cultural
 “White man’s burden”
 Social Darwinism/ Racism
• This race for new colonization became known as the
“Scramble for Africa”

26. Imperialism

27. West Africa
• The growing European presence in West Africa led to
increasing tensions with African governments as
Africans began to lose their independence .
• In 1874 Great Britain annexed the west coastal states
as the Gold Coast and made Nigeria a protectorate.
• African governments in
West Africa began to lose
their independence.

28. West Africa
 West Africa was very active in the slave trade as it
coveted the weapons and textiles imported from
Britain, but once slavery was abolished, another
export from Africa was needed.
 Raw materials, such as peanuts, timber, palm oil,
rubber and eventually diamonds were sought after by
Europeans and became their new export.
 Encouraged by this growing trade market, European
governments began to push for more permanent
settlements in Africa.

29. North Africa
 Increased trade by steamship led to a desire for faster
water routes. A desire to connect the Red Sea to the
Mediterranean Sea would be important as it
shortened the route from Britain to it’s valuable
Indian colonies.
 This led the French to finance the building of the
Suez Canal, which Britain considered the “lifeline to
India” and Egypt became a British protectorate in
1914.
 Backfired on Egypt

30. Suez Canal

31. Central and East Africa
• Germany was under pressure to gain colonies by the
German people, but most areas had already been
claimed.
• In 1884, the European powers met at the Berlin
Conference to settle conflicting claims.
 No African delegates were present at the conference.

32. South Africa
• European powers quickly came to dominate the
region of South Africa.
• In South Africa, the British and Dutch fought for
control of the region.
• The Boers, or Afrikaners, were descendents of
Dutch settlers who had lived in South Africa since the
1600s.
• The Boers detested British rule and moved from the
coastal areas in a journey known as the Great Trek.
They placed the indigenous peoples in reservations.

33. South Africa
• The Boers frequently battled the Zulu people, and
the skilled leader Shaka established a powerful Zulu
Empire. The British finally conquered the Zulu in the
late 1800s.
• The British put 120,000 Boer women and children in
detention camps where nearly 20,000 of them died of
starvation. The Boers surrendered, and the
Independent Union of South Africa was established
in 1910.
• The IUSA would be a
self-governing nation
within the British Empire.

34. Effects of Imperialism in Africa
 By 1914, Europe had divided up nearly all of Africa.
 Native people who dared to resist were simply
devastated by the superior military force of the
Europeans.
• Lower class Africans worked on plantations or
factories owned by foreigners.
• Africans of all classes faced condescending
relationships with Europeans. “boy”
• Schools, churches, and other social institutions were
segregated.

35. Rise of African Nationalism
• Africans educated in Western-style schools began to
understand and become frustrated that the
Europeans were not practicing what they were
preaching.
• Europeans talked of democracy, equality, and
freedom but did not apply these ideals to Africans.
• Although educated Africans respected some of the
superior aspects of Western dominance, they hated
colonial rule.
• This resentment turned to action and native Africans
began to develop political parties and seek an end to
foreign rule.

36. 21.3

37. The Sepoy Mutiny
 Mistrust and cultural differences between the
British and Indians led to violent conflict.
 As the power of the Moguls declined, a commercial
company, the British East India Company, was given
the right to become actively involved in India’s
political and military affairs.
 To rule India, the British East India Company hired its
own soldiers

38. The Sepoy Mutiny
 In 1857, a growing distrust of the British and rumor
that the rifle cartridges were greased with cow and pig
fat led to a rebellion of the Indian sepoys.
 Atrocities were terrible on both sides as evidenced at
Kanpur, where Indians massacred 200 defenseless
women and children.

39. The Sepoy Mutiny
 Within a year, the British and Indians loyal to Britain
suppressed the rebellion.
 As a result of the mutiny, the British Parliament
transferred powers of the East India Company directly
to the British government. Queen Victoria took the
title Empress of India in 1876.

40. British Colonial Rule
• The British brought order and stability to India,
but they also hurt India’s economy and degraded
the Indian people.
• To aid in directly ruling India, the British appointed
an official known as a viceroy.
– Colonization brought order and stability
to India.
– An efficient government bureaucracy was established.

41. British Colonial Rule
• A new school system was set up using the English
language.
– Roads and railroads were built.
– A telegraph system and a postal service were
introduced.

42. British Colonial Rule
• Negative Effects of British Colonization
– British economic pursuits brought poverty and
hardship to Indians.
– Access to resources and local industries were
destroyed.
– Local tax collectors increased
taxes and forced peasants to
become tenants.

43. British Colonial Rule
 Farmers were encouraged to switch from food
production to cotton production, limiting the food
supply for the growing population.
 British rule was very degrading and insensitive to
Indian culture.

44. Indian Nationalists
• The British presence in India led to an Indian
independence movement.
• The first Indian nationalists were upper-class and
English-educated, and came from urban areas such as
Madras (Chennai), Calcutta (Kolkata), and Bombay
(Mumbai).
• Although most preferred reform to revolution, the
slow pace of change convinced many that they would
have to rely on themselves for change.

45. Indian Nationalists
 In 1885, a small group of Indians met in Bombay and
formed the Indian National Congress (INC). The
goal of the INC was a share in the governing process.
 In 1915, a young Hindu named Mohandas Gandhi
used his experiences in British South Africa to
become a leader in the Indian movement for
independence.

46. Indian Nationalists
 Gandhi utilized a non-violent method of resistance to
attain his goals of improving the lives of the poor and
gaining independence for India.

47. Colonial Indian Culture
• British rule sparked renewed interest among
Indians in their own culture and history.
• One facet of British colonialism was a cultural
awakening in India.
• The British opened a college in Calcutta and a local
publishing house. Soon books became more available
to the population of India.
• Indian novelists and poets began writing historical
romances and epics.

48. Colonial Indian Culture
• Newspapers, written in regional Indian languages,
provided an effective means of conveying nationalist
ideals to lower-middle-class Indians.The most
influential Indian author was Rabindranath Tagore,
who was a successful writer, poet, social reformer,
educator, singer, painter, spiritual leader, and
spokesman for the moral concerns of
his age.

49. Colonial Indian Culture
 Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 and
put music to a poem that became Indian
nationalism’s first anthem.

50. 21.4

51. Nationalistideas in Latin America were
• Revolutionary
Revolts
sparked by the successes of revolutions in North
America.
• In Latin American society, peninsulares controlled
the political and economic systems of the colonies.
• Creoles resented peninsulares and favored the
revolutionary ideals of equality.
• A slave revolt in Hispaniola led to the formation of
Haiti in 1804.

52. Nationalist Revolts
• In Mexico, a priest named Miguel Hidalgo roused the
local Native Americans and mestizos to free
themselves of Spanish control.
• In 1821, Mexico declared its independence and became
a republic in 1823.
• Two men, known as the “Liberators of South
America,” were heavily influenced by events in Europe
and set South America on the path of freedom.

53. Nationalist Revolts
• José de San Martín of Argentina fought the
Spaniards and liberated Argentina in 1810 before
crossing the Andes Mountains and liberating Chile in
1817.
• Simón Bolívar, who had liberated Venezuela, arrived
in Peru and helped
San Martín’s forces liberate Peru in 1824.
• In 1822, the prince regent of Brazil declared
independence from Portugal.

54. Nationalist Revolts
 In 1823, the Central American states declared their
independence and eventually became the states of
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and
Nicaragua.
 By the end of 1824, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay,
Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile
had all gained independence from Spain.

55. Nationalist Revolts
 Latin American independence movements faced a
major threat from European powers who favored the
use of soldiers to restore Spanish control in Latin
America.
 American president James Monroe issued the
Monroe Doctrine in 1823 warning against European
intervention in Latin America, and guaranteeing
Latin American independence.

56. Nationalist Revolts
 The British also favored Latin American
independence and used their navy to deter any
European invasion of Central and South America.

57. Nation Building
• After they became independent, Latin American
nations faced a staggering range of problems.
• Most of the new nations of Latin America established
republican forms of government, but soon caudillos
gained power.
• Supported by the landed elite, the caudillos used
military power to rule. Some modernized the new
national states by building schools, roads, and canals.

58. Nation Building
 In Mexico, Antonio López de Santa Anna ruled
Mexico from 1833 to 1855. Santa Anna misused state
funds, halted reforms, and
created chaos.
 American settlers in the Texas region revolted against
Santa Anna’s dictatorial rule and won independence
from Mexico in 1836.

59. Nation Building
 In 1845, Mexico was forced to give up nearly one-half
of its land following defeat to the United States in the
Mexican War.
 Following Santa Anna, Benito Juárez came to power.
He brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including
limiting the power of the military and religious
tolerance.

60. Nation Building
 Although Latin American nations were politically
independent, they were still economically dependent
on the United States and Great Britain.
 Britain dominated trade with the Latin American
nations, and the United States became the primary
source of loans and investment money.

61. Nation Building
• Latin American economies were dependent on cash
crops, and national economies were often reliant on a
single cash crop.
• A fundamental problem of all the new Latin American
nations was the domination of society by the landed
elites.
• Landowners generally controlled the political and
economic systems of the nation, and their devotion to
cash crops left little tillable land for farming food
products.

62. Change in Latin America
• Many Latin American governments patterned
their new constitutions after the United States
Constitution.
• The United States began to intervene in Latin
America by making Cuba a protectorate and annexing
Puerto Rico in 1898. In 1903, President Roosevelt
supported a rebellion that allowed Panama to
separate from Colombia in return for the right to
build the Panama Canal.

63. Change in Latin America
• In Mexico, the conservative government of Porfirio
Díaz (1877–1911) was ousted by the liberal landowner,
Francisco Madero.
• In northern Mexico, Pancho Villa’s armed bandits
swept the countryside.
• Emiliano Zapata called for land reform, and began to
redistribute the land to the masses but refused to
work with Madero.

64. Change in Latin America
 Between 1910 and 1920, the Mexican Revolution
caused great damage to the Mexican economy.
 In 1917, a new constitution was accepted. Mexico
would be led by a president, land reform would be
enacted, and foreign investment would be limited.

65. Change in Latin America
 The prosperity of trade after 1870 led to an emerging
middle class comprised of teachers, lawyers, doctors,
merchants, and businesspeople.
 The middle-class Latin Americans became a
stabilizing force in the region, and once given the
right to vote, often sided with the landed elite.

66. Imperialism - Review
 The imperialistic power of the 19th century conquered
weaker countries and carved up the lands they seized.
Their actions had a lasting effect on the world,
especially the countries that had been conquered.
 There were four themes covered in this chapter:
 Movement
 Change
 Reaction
 Nationalism

67. Movement
 Imperialistic nations set up colonies and protectorates
 Christian missionaries preach in Africa and Asia
 Cecil Rhodes makes a fortune in South America

68. Change
 Ferdinand de Lesseps completes the Suez Canal in
1869
 King Leopold II of Belgium colonizes the Congo Basin
 The United States gains new territory after the
Spanish-American War
 The Panama Canal opens in 1914

69. Reaction
 The British East India Company controlled India
 Africans set up independent republics

70. Nationalism
 The United States creates the Monroe Doctrine in
1823
 In May 1857, the sepoys rebel against British
commanders
 Africans fight the British in the Boer War from 1899 to
1902

71. 22 Central and East Africa
• European powers competed for colonies in
Central Africa and East Africa.
• Central Africa was an uncharted, tropical region.
British explorer David Livingstone wanted to find a
river that would open Central Africa to European
commerce and Christianity.
• In the 1870s, Henry Stanley continued the work of
Livingstone and mapped the Congo River region.

72. 23 Central and East Africa
• King Leopold of Belgium claimed the Congo region,
and established a Belgium presence in Central Africa.
• In East Africa, Britain and Germany fought over
territory in East Africa.
• Britain sought to connect its colonies in South Africa
and Egypt.

73. South Africa
 British policy in South Africa was largely influenced
by Cecil Rhodes, a proponent of British expansion.
Rhodes founded diamond and gold companies, but
his interaction with the Dutch led to the Boer War.
 From 1899 to 1902, the British and the Boers fought
the Boer War. The Boers successfully fought the
British using guerilla war tactics.

74. South Africa
 The British put 120,000 Boer women and children in
detention camps where nearly 20,000 of them died of
starvation. The Dutch surrendered, and the
Independent Union of South Africa was established in
1910.