4. Single Cross-Sectional Design Multiple Cross-Sectional Design Fig. 3.1 Research Design Conclusive Research Design Exploratory Research Design Descriptive Research Causal Research Cross-Sectional Design Longitudinal Design

5. Objective: Character-istics: Findings/ Results: Outcome: To provide insights and understanding Information needed is defined only loosely. Research process is flexible and unstructured. Sample is small and non-representative. Analysis of primary data is qualitative Tentative Generally followed by further exploratory or conclusive research To test specific hypotheses and examine relationships Information needed is clearly defined. Research process is formal and structured. Sample is large and representative. Data analysis is quantitative Conclusive Findings used as input into decision making Exploratory Conclusive Table 3.1

15. Figure 3.6 Cross Sectional vs. Longitudinal Designs Sample Surveyed at T 1 Sample Surveyed at T 1 Same Sample also Surveyed at T 2 T 1 T 2 Cross- Sectional Design Longitudinal Design Time

17. Evaluation Criteria Cross-Sectional Design Longitudinal Design Detecting Change Large amount of data collection Accuracy Representative Sampling Response bias - - - + + + + + - - Note: A “+” indicates a relative advantage over the other design, whereas a “-” indicates a relative disadvantage. Table 3.4

18. Brand Purchased Time Period Period 1 Period 2 Survey Survey Brand A 200 200 Brand B 300 300 Brand C 500 500 Total 1000 1000 Table 3.5

19. Brand Purchased in Period 1 Brand Purchased in Period 2 Brand A Brand B Brand C Total Brand A Brand B Brand C Total 100 25 75 200 50 100 150 300 50 175 275 500 200 300 500 1000 Table 3.6

23. Surrogate Information Error Measurement Error Population Definition Error Sampling Frame Error Data Analysis Error Respondent Selection Error Questioning Error Recording Error Cheating Error Inability Error Unwillingness Error Fig. 3.2 Total Error Non-sampling Error Random Sampling Error Non-response Error Response Error Interviewer Error Respondent Error Researcher Error