2. October 08, 2009 by CRC Press - 318 Pages
Editor(s):
Atif B. Awad, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA; Peter G. Bradford,
State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
3. • Table of Contents
The Adipose Organ; Saverio Cinti and Roberto Vettor Adipose Tissue as Endocrine Organ; Kerry
B. Goralski and Christopher J. Sinal Epidemiology of Obesity; Michael J. LaMonte Inflammatory
and Anti-Inflammatory Mediators Secreted by Adipose Tissue; Herbert Tilg and Alexander R.
Moschen Adipokines and Inflammation; Melissa E. Gove and Giamila Fantuzzi Insulin as Modulator
of Adipose Inflammation; Joseph Doria and Ahmad Aljada
Growth Hormone as Modulator of Adipose Inflammation; Hong-Biao Liu
Glucocorticoids as Modulators of Adipose Inflammation; Nicholas M. Morton Prostaglandins as
Mediators of Adipose Inflammation; Martha Lappas Inflammatory Actions of Adiponectin, Leptin,
and Resistin; Danielle M. Stringer, Vanessa C. DeClercq, Ryan W.T. Hunt,Maria S. Baranowski,
Carla G. Taylor, and Peter Zahradka Dietary Fatty Acids as Modulators of Adipose Inflammation;
Maximilian Zeyda and Thomas M. Stulnig Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plant Sterols and
Phytoestrogens: Experimental and Clinical Evidence; Rgia A. Othman and Mohammed H.
Moghadasian Antioxidants, Polyphenols, and Adipose Inflammation; Fereidoon Shahidi and Ying
Zhong Role of Exercise and Weight Loss in Reducing Inflammation; Tongian You and Michael J.
LaMonte Adipose Tissue and Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacotherapy; Peter G. Bradford and Atif B.
Awad Conclusions and Future Directions; Peter G. Bradford and Atif B. Awad
3
4. Definition
• A BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg per m2 is
defined as overweight; a BMI of
30.0 kg per m2 or more is defined
as obesity.
4
6. Obesity - How Big A
Problem…
• 1.7 billion worldwide are
overweight or obese
• The US has the highest
percentage of obese
people.
• By 2006, only four states
had a prevalence of
obesity less than 20%.
And the numbers are
growing…
6
7. Epidemiology of Obesity
• 31.3% of U.S. males
• 34.7% of U.S. females
• 30% increase in the last 10
years
• Health care costs - >$100
billion/year
• Results in 300,000
preventable deaths each
year in the U.S.
7
8. Obesity and Life Expectancy
• If current rates of obesity
are left unchecked, the
current generation of
American children will
be the first in two
centuries to have a
shorter life expectancy
than their parents.
Olshansky SJ, et al. A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy
in the United States in the 21st Century. NEJM, 352(11):1138-
1145, 2005
8
11. Classification of Overweight
and Obesity
• BMI Classification
<18.5 Underweight
– 18.5-24.9 Normal weight
– 25-29.9 Overweight
– 30-34.9 Obesity Class I
– 35-39.9 Obesity Class II
– 40-49.9 Obesity Class III
– 50 and above Super Obesity
11
13. What causes Obesity?
• Nutrient and Energy model of
obesity:
Metabolism
Appetite regulation
Energy expenditure
Genetics
Behavioral and cultural factors
13
14. Contributors to weight gain
• Socio-economic status
• Smoking cessation
• Hormonal
• Inactivity
• Psychosocial/emotions
• Medications
14
15. Nutrient and Energy
Model of Obesity
Obesity results from increased intake of energy or
decreased expenditure of energy, as required
by the first law of thermodynamics.
Energy Energy
Intake Expenditure
Adipose
tissue
15
16. Why is it so hard to lose
weight?
External factors
Brain Emotions
Food characteristics
Central Signals Lifestyle behaviors
Stimulate Inibit Environmental cues
NPY Orexin-A α-MSH CART
AGRP dynorphin CRH/UCN NE
galanin GLP-I 5-HT
Peripheral signals Peripheral organs
Glucose
Gastrointestinal
CCK, GLP-1, tract
− Apo-A-IV
Vagal afferents
Food
Insulin
Intake
+ Ghrelin
Adipose
− Leptin tissue
+ Cortisol Adrenal glands 16
17. Leptin
• Protein hormone produced by fat
cells.
• Experiment: Leptin deficient mice:
Hyperphasic
Insulin resistant
Infertile
Leptin administration reversed all the
symptoms.
17
18. Medical Complications of
Obesity
Pulmonary disease
abnormal function Stroke
obstructive sleep apnea
hypoventilation syndrome Cataracts
CHD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Diabetes
steatosis Dyslipidemia
steatohepatitis Hypertension
cirrhosis
Severe pancreatitis
Gall bladder disease
Cancer
Gynecologic abnormalities breast, uterus, cervix
abnormal menses colon, esophagus, pancreas
kidney, prostate
infertility
Osteoarthritis
PCOS Phlebitis
venous stasis
Gout 18
20. Consequences of
Obesity
Hippocrates
recognized that :
“sudden death is more
common in those who
are naturally fat than
in lean.”
20
21. Treating Obesity
• Measure height and weight (BMI)
• Calculate waist circumference
• Assess comorbidities
• What labs does the patient need?
• Is the patient ready and motivated
enough to loose weight?
• Which diet should you recommend?
• Discuss a physical activity goal
21
22. Weight Loss Strategies
• Diet therapy
• Increased Physical Activity
• Pharmacotherapy
• Behavioral Therapy
• Surgery
• Any combination of the above
22
23. Rate Of Weight Loss
• A realistic goal is from 5% to 15%
from baseline in 6 months of obesity
treatment.
• Weight should be lost at the rate of
1-2 lbs per week, based on the
caloric deficit between 500-1000
Kcal/day.
23
25. Dieting
• Dieting is highly
ineffective - 95%
long term failure
rate
• Often results in
higher weight than
before the diet
25
26. Principles Of Dieting
• Women should consume atleast 1200 kcal/day,
men 1500 kcal/day.
• Select a diet that has:
>75g/day proteins (15% of total calories)
> 55% total calories from carbs
▪ Fat should contribute 30% or less of total calories
Atleast 3 meals/day.
High fiber (20-30g/day), fruits and vegetables.
Supplement the diet with multivitamis and minerals.
Avoid sugar containing beverages and fat spreads.
26
27. What about all the diets that
are out there?
• Weight Watchers ($13 registration
fee, $15 weekly fee)
• Jenny Craig (consultation $200-370,
$65 meals/week)
• Tops Club ($20/week)
• Nutrisystem.com ($50/week)
• Atkins Diet
27
28.
29. Medications
A) Serotonin Nor-epinephrine Reuptake
Inhibitor: reduces food intake.
Sibutramine: initial dose 10mg/day, max
20mg/day.
B) Orlistat: Lipase inhibitor. Alters
metabolism, dec absorption of dietary fat.
120mg PO TID
29
30.
31. Surgery
• Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
• Lap band procedure
Criteria: a) BMI > 40 or >35 with 2 comorbidities.
b) Failure of non surgical methods
c) Presence of 2 or more medical
conditions that would benefit with weight loss.
31
32.
33.
34. Obesity warning on
London buses
The United Kingdom Branch of the International Size Acceptance Association
is encouraging the public to contact World Cancer Research Fund UK to
34
voice their concerns about this discriminating ad campaign.
In 1997, the International Obesity Task Force,10 convened by the World Health Organization (WHO), recommended a standard classification of adult overweight and obesity
Paleolithic: the first period in the development of human technology of the Stone Age
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial condition in which excess body fat may put a person at health risk. According to the U.S. surgeon general, approximately 25 percent of American adults are completely sedentary, and more than 60 percent are not regularly active at the recommended level of 30 minutes per day.5 About 14 percent of young people between 12 and 21 years of age report no recent physical activity. Nearly one half of young persons between these ages are not vigorously active. An estimated 300,000 preventable deaths occur each year in the United States because of unhealthy diet and physical inactivity,6 which are known contributors to obesity.
the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in obesity in the United States. In 2006, only four states had a prevalence of obesity less than 20%. Twenty-two states had a prevalence equal or greater than 25%; two of these states (Mississippi and West Virginia) had a prevalence of obesity equal to or greater than 30%.
Presently, there is no precise clinical definition of obesity based on the degree of excess body fat that places an individual at increased health risk. General consensus exists for an indirect measure of body fatness, called the weight-for-height index or body mass index (BMI). The BMI is an easily obtained and reliable measurement for overweight and obesity and is defined as a person's weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of the person's height (in meters) Other Measurements Waist Circumference >35 inches in women or 40 inches in men indicates hazardous fat distribution Waist/Hip Ratios >0.8 indicates hazardous fat distribution
The search for genetic factors involved in obesity should not obscure the truth that the environmental factors probably more important.
In most cases, however, the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity reflects changes in society and behaviors over the past 20 to 30 years. Lifestyle patterns are influenced by an overabundance of energy-dense food choices and decreased opportunities and motivation for physical activity. Loss of ovarian function results in: Reduced resting metabolic rate Reduced muscle mass Increased fat mass Increased accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue
Excess body fat results from an imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure (total energy expenditure includes energy expended at rest, in physical activity and for metabolism)
Leptin signals the brain about the quantity of stored fat. Modulates food intake.
Leptin, a hormone secreted by fat cells that was discovered in 1994, was found to not only control food intake, but also to impact other functions that are affected by energy balance which could relate to obesity. High leptin levels trigger growth and readiness for reproduction. Research has shown that overweight individuals have high concentrations of leptin in the blood, indicating that these individuals do not respond to leptin by reducing food intake. Furthermore, endocrine research has found that obese patients respond poorly to leptin, suggesting the presence of leptin resistance.
Waist circumference measurements greater than 40 inches (102 cm) in men and 35 inches (89 cm) in women also indicate an increased risk of obesity-related comorbidities.
The recent increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity are reflected across all ages, racial and ethnic groups, and education levels in the U.S. In reviewing the following three charts, for instance, one can see that the “average” American categorized under obesity is aged 50-59, Black/non-Hispanic with less than a high school diploma
A 100 kg woman is at the same risk for coronary artery heart disease as a woman who smokes 1 ppd 40% of coronary artery disease is attributed to being overweight
Waist circumference should be measured at a level midway between the lower rib margin and iliac crest with the tape all around the body in horizontal position
No. 1 = Germany (58% of the population) No. 2 = United States of Amerika (57%) No. 3 = Australia (56%)
The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure involves creating a stomach pouch out of a small portion of the stomach and attaching it directly to the small intestine, bypassing a large part of the stomach and duodenum. Not only is the stomach pouch too small to hold large amounts of food, but by skipping the duodenum, fat absorption is substantially reduced.
