This is about the UNEP project on Converting Agricultural Waste Biomass to Energy.

1. Awareness raising about
WAB2E technologies:
20th September-2013

2. UNEP- India Project
On
“WAB for Energy: Resource conservation and
GHG Emission Reduction”:
Awareness raising workshop:
20th September-2013

3. Title
Background:
Technology Classification
Methods of utilizing waste agricultural biomass as a source of energy
•
Direct combustion
•
Thermo-chemical conversion routes
•
Conventions for deriving thermal value of biomass:
•
Densification
•
Briquetting
•
Biological Conversion
•
Liquid Biofuels:
•
Process of the WAB to Biofuel conversion
Environmental performances
Impacts of emissions from biomass combustion
Technology selection
SAT Methodology.
Implemented Case study

4. Target audience:
Professionals working in
the energy generation and
utilization activity.
Total of 25 members
attended

5. Workshop coverage:
The main coverage of the workshop:
Sharing the information about the global scenario of WAB
Different technology developments,
Need to develop the subject to be prepared to face the dangers of energy shortage
Need for development of alternate sources of energy,
Renewable energy sources area and options
Various other forms of renewable energy, and
Need to stress upon the WAB as a major energy resource.
Recent inclusion of the “Short Lived Climate Pollutants” (SLCP)
Technology Classification
Different processes and technologies for converting biomass to energy.
•Direct combustion of the raw biomass
•Combustion after simple physical processing
•Sorting
•Chipping
•Air-drying (beneficiation)
Straightforward conversion of thermal energy into mechanical or electric power and the resulting loss in such conversions.
Use of low temperature waste heat for drying or heating purposes, thereby achieving much higher overall efficiencies.
Types of combustion reactions: viz:
•Exothermic: Heat is released as a result of the reaction
•Endothermic: Heat is absorbed during the reaction
Importance of maintaining appropriate Air/Fuel Ratios
Methods of utilizing waste agricultural biomass as a source of energy
Different processes and technologies are available for converting biomass to energy.

6. Various routes for conversion of biomass to useful fuel

7. Various routes for conversion of biomass to useful fuel

8. Flame
D
Heat Flow
Gas Flow
Char
C
Pyrolytic
Zone
Gaseous-phase combustion
Diffusion flame, mostly Turbulent – a „free‟ fire
T > 1000 C (probably T < 1000 C)
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer with chemical
reaction; Surface combustion – a slow process
500 C < T < 800 C
B
Problem same as in zone A but with sources/sinks due
to pyrolytic reactions
200 C < T < 500 C
Virgin
Wood
A
Heat conduction in a medium with a moving boundary;
Mitigation of moisture & gases; Uncertain properties
T < 200 C
Figure 6.1: Processes and temperatures in a burning piece of wood
Stages of burning of fuel

9. Energy content (Heating Values) of WAB
Energy content (Heating Values) of WAB :
Three different conventions commonly used:
Gross Calorific Value (or Higher Heating Value-HHV),
Net Calorific Value (or Lower Heating Value-LHV), and
Usable Heat Content.

10. Composition of different fuels
Fuel
Volatile Matter
Fixed Carbon
Ash
Paddy Husk
63.3
14.0
22.7
Bagasse
74.0
19.3
6.7
Wood
77-87
13-21
0.1-0.2
Lignite
43
46.6
10.4
Anthracite Coal
5.0
80
15

11. HHVD in Mega Joules per Kg. of biofuel
Biomass Fuel
Composition (% by weight)
VM (ash
FC
free)
(ash free)
Ash
HHVD (MJ/Kg)
Model-A Model-B Model-C
Bagasse
84.2
15.8
2.9
18.1
19.4
19.6
Coconut coir
82.8
17.2
0.9
18.8
20.1
20.2
Coconut shell
80.2
19.8
0.7
19.4
20.6
20.3
Coir pith
73.3
26.7
7.1
19.3
20.4
18.3
Corn cob
85.4
14.6
2.8
17.9
19.2
19.6
Corn stalks
Groundnut
shell
80.1
19.9
6.8
18.1
19.3
18.4
83.0
17.0
5.9
17.8
19.0
18.7
Paddy Husk
81.6
18.4
23.5
14.5
15.6
13.2
Paddy straw
80.2
19.8
19.8
15.5
16.6
14.3
Wheat straw
83.9
16.1
11.2
16.6
17.8
17.0
Peanut shell
78.4
21.6
7.2
18.4
19.5
18.3
Cotton stalk
80.8
20.0
5.3
18.5
19.7
18.9

12. Densification
Densification (briquetting or pelleting for only those WABs
with very low density).
To gain advantage through Productive transport and Improved
fuel characteristics.
WABs for densification: Like Sawdust, Loose crop residues,
and Charcoal fines.
Pressure, Speed of densification, and Binders decide the
characteristics

13. Briquetting
There are two main briquetting technologies viz: The Piston press, and The Screw
press.
In the piston press the material is punched into a die by a ram with a high pressure
In the screw press, the material is compacted continuously by a screw.
With the screw generally briquettes of higher quality can be produced.

14. FLY PRESSES
FOR VERY SMALL SCALE APPLICATIONS

15. Thermochemical Conversion
Biomass subjected to appropriate temperatures and pressures and under a controlled and
restricted supply of oxygen, typically at 300 - 500°C, until the volatile matters has been driven
off.
The residual product is Char (commonly known as charcoal).
Char has about twice the energy density of the original fuel and burns at a much higher
temperature
Pyrolysis is the basic thermo chemical process
Oldest method of processing one fuel in order to produce better one
With more sophisticated pyrolysis techniques, the volatile matters can be collected,
Careful choice of the temperature at which the process takes place allows the control of their
composition.
The products formed are normally a gas, an oil-like liquid (Tar) and charcoal.
The distribution of these products is dependent on the feedstock, temperature and pressure of
reaction, the time spent in the reaction zone and the heating rate.
High temperature pyrolysis (1000°C) maximizes the production of gas (gasification) while lower
temperature pyrolysis processes (<600°C) are used for the production of charcoal
(carbonization).
Another approach to produce liquid fuels and chemicals from biomass is direct catalytic
liquefaction
Depending on the moisture content and the efficiency of process, 4 - 10 kg of wood are required
to produce one kg of charcoal

16. Biological Conversion
Types and grades of biofuels
Impacts of emissions from biomass combustion

17. Technology selection, Analysis of the Options, SAT Methodology.
Stages of technology development and adoption

18. Next steps
Identified following steps for future stress in this area.
Organise similar workshops for mass awareness raising.
Phase I workshops
Agriculture intensive activity zones like agricultural universities, large organized farms, forest
departments, food processing industry units, remote backward areas etc.
Characterization of the types of biomasses available in such areas be undertaken.
Appropriate need based and practical technologies be identified and implemented.
This will solve the problems of either shortage of or non availability of energy sources in such
areas.
Phase II workshops
For organized sectors e.g. Various governmental agencies like the ministries of agriculture in
states, and the areas where the captive availability of rich biomass is assured. agricultural activity
based industry clusters like the oil extraction units, Large vegetable market yards, Large Saw
mills, Rice mills, Dal mills etc. And
Phase III workshops
Nationwide awareness raising programmes should be conducted. Conventional lecture oriented
approach is not advised. Use of mass media, Mobile telephony, TV channels, Road shows etc.
should be used as the media of awareness.

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Name of the Employee
Mr. Joydev Chatterjee
Mr. Ramesh Kumar Verma
Mr. Sameer Kumar Chimman
Lal
Mr. Syed Izhar Husain
Mr. N Sivakumar
Mr. Sudhi Ranjan Chakraborty
Mr. Bikash Kumar Biswas
Mr. Nrusigha Charan Das
Mr. Surendra Das
Mrs. Jyotshnarani Mohanty
Mr. Damodara Rao Mavuru
Mr. Padma Lochan Sala
Mr. Tanmoy Mukarjee
Mr. Dipak Biswas
Mr. Ajit Kumar Sarkar
Mrs. Manorama Nayak
Mr. Akashaya Kumar Prusty
Mr. Hemant Kumar Parija
Mr. Sudershan Behera
Mr. Bashishtha Choudhury
Mr. Kodukula Prakasa Rao
Mr. Gopal Krishna Parashar
Mr. Nuram Verma
Mr. Jageshwar Prasad Patkar
Mr. Binu Tirkey
Occupation
Officer (Information Technology)
Engineer (CHP)
Public Relation Officer
Engineer
Officer Accounts
Officer (HR)
Engineer
Engineer C&I/ O&M
Engineer (Elect.)
Officer (Nursing)
Officer (F&A)
Engineer O&M
Executive Secretary
Engineer Mech.
Engineer
Officer (Nursing)
Asst. Manager O&M
Asst. Manager C&M
Officer
AM (C & M)
Executive
Officer
Engineer (O&M)
Engineer(O&M)
Engineer (CHP) (O )Mech.