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Industrial Security Management
First Edition
Philippine Copyright, 2013
By: ChapterHouse Publishing Incorporated
All Rights Reserved.
The text of this book or any part hereof, may not be reproduced or
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Published and Distributed by:
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ISBN: 978-971-95775-2-2

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T
ABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION V
PREFACE VII
PART ONE:
FUNDAMENTALS OF SECURITY
1
Chapter 1: The Concept of Security
3
Definitions of Security
4
Related Concepts 5
Categories of Security 5
7
Security Management in Organizations
Chapter 2: History of Security
9
Historical Roots of Security 9
Security in Philippine History 10
Security in the Present Time
11
Chapter 3: Legal Context of Security
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
The Revised Penal Code (RA 3815)
Private Security Agency Law (RA 5487 as Amended)
Presidential Decree No. 1919
(Amending RA 5487 and Pd 100)
Presidential Decrees No. 11 and No. 100
(Amending RA 5487)
13
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15
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PART TWO: CATEGORIES OF SECURITY
17
Chapter 4: Physical Security
19
Principles of Physical Security 20
Factors in Selecting Security Safeguards
20
Physical Barriers 21
Advantages of Physical Barriers
22
Purpose of Physical Barriers 22
General Types of Physical Barriers
22
Other Types of Physical Barriers
22
First Line of Defense: The Perimeter Barrier
23
Purpose of the Perimeter Barrier
23
Types of Perimeter Barriers
24
Second Line of Defense: Building Exteriors
27
Roofs 27
Exterior Walls 27
Concrete Structures 28
Floors 28
Interior Walls 29
Ceilings 29
Doorways 30
Windows 31
Other Openings 32
Third Line of Defense: Interior Controls
32
Locks 33
Telephone Entry Systems 33
Identification Systems
34
Protective Alarm Sensors
34
Protective Lighting 35
Purpose of Protective Lighting
35
General Characteristics of Protective Lighting
36
Types of Protective Lighting
36
Chapter 5: Personnel Security
Purpose of Personnel Security:
Pre-Employment Screening
Pre-employment Screening Policy Checklist (CPNI, 2011)
Application Form
Interviews
Identity Verification
Qualification and Employment Checks
Media Searches
Ongoing Personnel Security during Employment
Purpose of Ongoing Personnel Security (CPNI, 2010)
Importance Ongoing Personnel Security
Security Training and Awareness
Addressing Behaviors of Concern
Controlling Employee Access
Screening for the Insider Threat
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Exit Procedures 50
The Exit Interview 53
Chapter 6: Document and Information Security
55
Types of Documents
56
Factors to Consider 57
Stages of Information Cycle 57
Characteristics of Information 58
60
Sensitive Information
Classification of Sensitive Information
60
Proprietary Information
61
Information Security Measures
62
PART THREE: TECHNICAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
65
Chapter 7: Security Survey and Inspection
67
The Security Survey
67
Importance of Security Survey
68
The Value of a Security Professional
70
Security Inspection 70
Purpose of Security Inspection
71
Phases of Security Inspection 71
Importance of Security Inspection
71
Steps in a Security Inspection
72
Safety Inspection 72
Objectives of Safety Inspection
72
Purpose of Safety Inspection 72
Phases of Safety Inspections 73
Importance of Safety Inspection
73
74
Steps in Safety Inspection
Security Survey Format 75
Security Inspection Report Format
77
Industrial Security Survey Checklist
78
Chapter 8: Security Risk Analysis
89
Security Analysis 90
Defining the Problem
90
Security Hazards 93
Types of Hazards 93
Major Risks
94
Risks Management Alternatives and Strategies
95
Chapter 9: Security Investigation
97
Elements of Investigation 98
The Three I’s of Investigation
98
Purpose of Investigation 99
Qualities of Effective Investigation
99

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Characteristics of a Successful Investigator
100
Systematic Approach to an Investigation
101
Guidelines in Investigation 102
Investigation Report 103
Purpose of the Investigation Report
103
Qualities of an Investigation Report
104
Parts of the Report
104
Sample Report Format 105
Incident-Type Investigation/Complaint-Type Investigation
106
Sequence of Investigative Leads 107
Interrogation and Interview 108
Interview of Non-Hostile Informants
108
The Interrogator and the Science of Psychology
108
Interrogation of Suspected Individuals
109
Types of Suspects in Terms of Attitude and Personality
110
Different Interrogation Schemes 110
Interrogation Proper 111
PART IV: SECURITY AGENCY MANAGEMENT
113
Chapter 10: Management and Planning
115
MANAGEMENT IN GENERAL AND PLANNING FUNCTION
116
Security Management and Cost Effectiveness
116
Security Planning
116
Development of Security Polices
117
Illustrations of Security Policies
117
Operating Level Policies 118
FINANCING 118
BUDGETING 118
The Process of Budgeting 118
119
Budget Costs and Justification
ORGANIZING 119
Organizational Relationship 120
Organizational Principle 120
Reporting Levels 121
Typical Security Organization 121
The Agency Operator/Security Director
121
STAFFING AND ADMINISTRATION
122
Ranks and Positions 122
Staffing Pattern
123
Position Standards
124
Hiring
124
Training and Professional Development
125
Discipline 125
Appraisal of Results 125
Promotions 125
Morale and Welfare
126
Communication
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Some Management Principles
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Chapter 11: Implementation, Problem-Solving and
Audit/Inspection 129
Program Implementation 130
Top Management’s Responsibility
130
Involvement of Others 130
Setting Priorities and Meeting Schedules
130
Drills and Rehearsals 130
130
Validation and Updating of Plans
Program Evaluation 131
Problem Solving and Decision-Making
131
Problem Solving Techniques 131
Some Pitfalls in Decision Making
132
Factors Affecting a Decision 132
Security Audit/Inspection 133
Rationale for Security Audit 133
Conduct of the Audit
134
Formal and Informal Security Audit
134
Structured and Unstructured Audit
134
Ascertaining Compliance
134
Chapter 12: Security Personnel
137
DEFINITION 138
Types of Security Guards 138
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Company Guards versus Agency Guards
139
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF A SECURITY GUARD
140
Categories of Private Security Training
140
Qualifications, Functions and Attributes
141
Powers and Duties of Security Guard
143
Functions of a Private Detective
144
Functions of Security Supervisor from the
Security Guard’s Point of View
145
Functions of Security Supervisor from the
Management Point of View
145
Duties during Strikes and Lockouts
145
Attributes of Security Guard/Private Detective
146
Desirable Qualities of Security Guard
147
Desirable Qualities of Security Supervisor
147
Basis for Disqualification
149
Grounds for Cancellation of Security Guard License
149
Private Security Agency Law (RA 5487 as amended)
150
Organization 150
Management 151
Operations
154
Limitations and Prohibitions
156
Administrative Sanctions 158

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Chapter 13: CODE OF ETHICS AND CONDUCT
PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCIES
Private Security Agency’s Creed
Ethical Standards for Private Security Agencies
Code of Conduct for Private Security Agencies
SECURITY GUARDS
Security Guard’s Creed
The 11 General Orders for Security Guards
Code of Ethics for Security Guards
Code of Conduct for Security Guards
161
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162
164
164
165
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Chapter 14: GUARD FORCE ADMINISTRATION
171
Leadership and Command 172
Leadership: the Concept 172
Goals of a Leader 173
Types of Leadership 173
Leadership Traits 173
Leadership Principles 175
Leadership Indicators 175
Operations
176
Administration
176
Technical Services 177
GLOSSARY OF TERMS 179
BIBLIOGRAPHY 185
IMAGE CREDITS 187

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1
PART ONE
FUNDAMENT
ALS
OF SECURITY

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The Concept of Security
CHAPTER 1
THE CONCEPT OF SECURITY
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to:
•
Define security
•
Explain the concepts of asset, risk, threat and vulnerability
•
Enumerate the categories of security
•
Discuss the importance of private security in organizations
Security is important to everyone. It is important to individuals
such as a homeowner who wants to protect valuable items in his
house, a parent who does not want her child to be harmed while in
school, an employee who wants to save for a comfortable retirement,
or an online shopper who wants to purchase a gadget via the internet.
It is also important to private companies such as a jewelry store
that keeps diamonds in storage, a law firm that holds incriminating
evidence against a drug lord, or an internet company that requires
personal information and passwords from its users. Of course, it is
also very important to governments that maintain military forces, use
intelligence services, legislate civil defense policies, and implement
emergency preparedness measures to serve and protect its citizens.
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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
Definitions of Security
The word secure is derived from the Latin securus which means
“safe” or “without care,” or from se cura, wherein se means “free from”
and cura means “care.”
To be secure could mean many different things. It could mean
being free from danger, risk, injury, fear, trouble, doubt or anxiety.
Being secure could also refer to being dependable, strong, good,
impregnable or inviolable. Or simply, it could mean having peace of
mind.
Security can be defined as the degree of protection or resistance
against harm, danger, loss, and criminals. As a form of protection, it
includes structures and processes that provide or improve security as
a condition.
The Institute for Security and Open Methodologies (ISECOM)
is an open community and a non-profit organization that published
in 2001 the Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual
(OSSTMM), a peer-reviewed manual of security testing and analysis.
OSSTMM 3 was released in 2010, defining security with the following
explanation:
“For a threat to be effective, it must interact either
directly or indirectly with the asset. To separate the
threat from the asset is to avoid a possible interaction.
Therefore it is possible to have total (100%) security if
the threat and the asset are completely separated from
each other. Otherwise what you have is safety of the
asset which is provided by the controls you put on the
asset or the degree to which you lessen the impact of
the threat.
For example, to be secure from lightning, one
must move to where lightning can’t reach such as deep
in a mountain. Threats which can’t be separated from
the assets must be made safer so that their interactions
and any effects from interactions do little or no harm. In
this same example, to be safe from lightning, one must
stay indoors during storms, avoid windows or other
openings, and use lightning rods on the roof. Therefore,
under the context of operational security, we call
security the separation of an asset and a threat and
safety the control of a threat or its effects” (ISECOM,
2010, emphasis supplied).

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The Concept of Security
Related Concepts
Understanding the concept of security requires further
definition of other related concepts such as asset, risk, threat and
vulnerability.
An asset is anything tangible or intangible that is capable of
being owned or controlled to produce value. If it has positive economic
value, it is considered an asset. Or more simply, if its value can be
converted into cash, it is an asset (Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003).
Risk is the uncertainty of financial loss, the probability that
a loss has occurred or will occur, the variations between actual and
expected results, or the possible occurrence of an undesirable event.
The end result of risk is loss or a decrease in value (Sennewald, 2003).
Threat and vulnerability are sometimes interchangeably used
with risk. A threat is anything that could adversely affect assets; it can
be classified into natural hazards (such as floods), accidents (chemical
spills), or intentional acts (domestic or international terrorism).
Vulnerability means weakness, flaw, or virtually anything that may
conceivably be exploited by a threat; examples are holes in a fence,
an out-of-date key system or the introduction of a computer virus
(Sennewald, 2003).
Categories of Security
The concept of security is so wide that categorization is
necessary for better understanding and analysis. The three main
categories covered in this book include:
1. Physical Security - pertains to all physical barriers employed
or installed to secure assets
2. Personnel Security - refers to the procedure followed,
inquiries conducted, and criteria applied to determine the
work suitability of a particular applicant or the retention of
a particular employee
3. Document and Information Security - refers to policies,
regulations, doctrines, and practices enforced to safeguard
the contents and integrity of any classified information or
document from compromise or loss
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INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
The three main categories enumerated will be discussed more
lengthily in Part Two of this book.
Political security is another category that relate to social
relationships involving governments or entities that hold authority
or power. This includes issues of security in the public, national or
international level, as enumerated below.
1. Public security refers to the way governments are ensuring the
protection of its citizens, organizations and institutions against
threats to their well-being, as well as maintaining the general
security and peace in public places. This includes security
against problems that have a direct impact on people’s lives,
such as gang violence, cybercrime, or trafficking of illegal drugs
and firearms.
2. National security is the requirement to maintain the survival
of a state through the use of economic power, diplomacy,
and political power. Security threats include military foes from
other nations, big drug cartels, or even national disasters that
cause severe environmental damage.
3. International security consists of the measures taken by nations
and international organizations to ensure mutual survival
and safety. Examples of measures are military actions and
diplomatic agreements.
In the private sphere, security can be even further categorized,
as shown below.
1. Industrial security is a form of physical security involving
industrial plants and business enterprises. This involves
the safeguarding of personnel, processes, properties and
operations.
2. Bank and armor security involves the protection resulting from
the application of various measures which safeguards cash
and assets in storage, in transit, or during transaction.
3. Hotel security involves using various measures of protection
for the guests, personnel properties and functions in hotels,
restaurants, bars and clubs.

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The Concept of Security
4. V.I.P. security involves the protection of top-ranking officials
of the government, visiting persons of illustrious standing and
foreign dignitaries.
5. Operational security involves the protection of processes,
formula, patents and industrial and manufacturing activities
from espionage, infiltration, loss, compromise or infringement.
6. Communication security involves the safeguard resulting from
the application of different measures which prevent or delay the
enemy or unauthorized person from gaining information through
communication including transmission and cryptographic.
7. Mall/commercial security is the degree of protection against
danger, loss, and crime inside malls. As a form of protection,
it refers to systems, structures and processes that provide or
improve mall security as a condition.
Security Management in Organizations
Security management has become an essential feature of
corporate activity; there is almost no organization without a team
dedicated to managing issues of security. We usually see shopping
malls, entertainment venues and banks policed by private armies
which we call security guards. The presence of these uniformed staff
represents the company’s ability to respond to or deter threats. This,
however, is only part of the security measures employed by companies
against threats posed by opportunistic criminals, its rival organizations,
or even its own saboteur employees. Other security measures may
include the installation of CCTVs, sophisticated alarm systems, policies
against workplace bullying and harassment, employee screening,
emergency planning, and other measures that enable individuals and
organizations to carry on with their business free from danger.
Indeed, security has a policing function in organizations. In fact,
illegal practices in the workplace have become an established theme
in criminology studies. These crimes involve not only the robberies
and shootouts inside malls or kidnappings in schools that we hear in
the news. It involves high-stakes corporate crimes such as tax evasion
and money laundering, fraud, bribery, workplace harassment, or even
those similar to street crimes such as thieves sneaking inside offices.
With corporate crime becoming a growing area of concern, the
increasing role of private security in crime prevention is becoming more
evident. This further highlights the need for increased competence and
6