Book Typesetting

1. ch- Sample (Typeset by TYINDEX, Delhi)  of  May ,  :
       
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SIGNIFICANT
T E S TS
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A fter any experiment we get some results, but we are not sure about this
result whether the result occurred by chance or a real difference. That
time to find truth we will use some statistical tests, these tests are termed as,
‘Tests of Significance’.
S  S T:
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The selection of the appropriate statistical test is depends upon:
. The scale of measurement e.g. Ratio, Interval.
. The number of groups e.g. One, Two or More.
. Sample size e.g. If the sample size is less than . Students ‘t’ test is to be
used.
. Measurements e.g. Repeated or Independent measurements.
S  T  S:
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For application of test sample should be selected randomly. Thus we have in
this case degree of freedom ‘n’ =  –  =  Now, table value of x2 is . t .

2. ch- Sample (Typeset by TYINDEX, Delhi)  of  May ,  :
 SIGNIFICANT TESTS
Table 13.1 This is Example of Table Sample.
Scale Two groups Three/More groups
Independent Repeated Independent Repeated
Interval Z test Z test ANOVA test ANOVA
and Ratio t test t test (F test) (F test)
Ordinal Median test Wilcox an Median Friedman test
Mann test Kruscal test
Whitney
Nominal X2 test Me Nemar Chi–Square Cochron’s test
test Test
for  degree of freedom, which is much less than the obtained value that is
.
T     :
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. Parametric Tests
. Non – Parametric Tests
. P T:
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When quantitative data like Weight, Length, Height, and Percentage is given
it is used. These tests were based on the assumption that samples were drawn
from the normally distributed populations.
E.g. Students t test, Z test etc.
. N – P T:
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When qualitative data like Health, Cure rate, Intelligence, Color is given it is
used. Here observations are classified into a particular category or groups.
E.g. Chi square (x2 ) test, Median tests etc.

3. ch- Sample (Typeset by TYINDEX, Delhi)  of  May ,  :
SIGNIFICANT TESTS 
Table 13.2 This is Example of Table Sample.
Patients Before After
treatment (B) treatment (A)
1 2.4 2.2
2 2.8 2.6
3 3.2 3.0
4 6.4 4.2
5 4.3 2.2
6 2.2 2.0
7 6.2 4.8
8 4.2 2.4
I. T – T:
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W.S. Gosset investigated this test in . It is called Student t – Test because
the pen name of Dr. Gosset was student, hence this test is known as student’s
t – test. It is also called as ‘t- ratio’ because it is a ratio of difference between
two means.
Aylmer Fisher (–) developed students ‘t’ test where samples are
drawn from normal population and are randomly selected.
After comparing the calculated value of ‘t’ with the value given in the ‘t’
table considering degree of freedom we can ascertain its significance.
Is the testing reliable? It is used for comparisons with expectations of the
Normal, Binomial and Poisson distributions and Comparison of a sample
variance with population variance.
S:
Here,
D = 8.3
N=8
D2 = 14.61
8.3
D= = 1.0375
8

4. ch- Sample (Typeset by TYINDEX, Delhi)  of  May ,  :
 SIGNIFICANT TESTS
∴ Standard deviation of the different between means. Here, the calculated
value for ‘t’ exceeds the tabulated ‘t’ value at p = 0.05 level with df. Therefore
the glucose concentration by the patients after treatment is not significant.
D)2
D2 − ( n
=
N−1
(8.3)2
14.61 − 8
=
7
14.61 − 68.89
8
=
7
14.61 − 8.6112
∴ S.D. =
7
√
= 0.8569
∴ S.D. = 0.9257
Now, standard error of the difference (SED )
SD 0.9257 0.9257
.= √ = √ =
N 8 2.8284
∴ S.E. = 0.3272
D 1.0375
∴t= = = 3.1708
SED 0.3272
Here, the calculated value for ‘t’ exceeds the tabulated ‘t’ value at p = 0.05
level with df. Therefore the glucose concentration by the patients after treat-
ment is not significant.
U:
It is widely used in the field of Medical science, Agriculture and Veterinary as
follows:
r To compare the results of two drugs which is given to same individuals
in the sample at two different situations? E.g. Effect of Bryonia and Ly-
copodium on general symptoms like sleep, appetite etc.
r It is used to study of drug specificity on a particular organ / tissue / cell
level. E.g. Effect of Belberis Vulg. on renal system.

5. ch- Sample (Typeset by TYINDEX, Delhi)  of  May ,  :
SIGNIFICANT TESTS 
r It is used to compare results of two different methods. E.g. Estimation of
Hb% by Sahlis method and Tallquist method.
r To compare observations made at two different sites of the same body.
E.g. compare blood pressure of arm and thigh.
r To study the accuracy of two different instruments like Thermometer, B.P
apparatus etc.
r To accept the Null Hypothesis that is no difference between the two
means.
r To reject the hypothesis that is the difference between the means of the
two samples is statistically significant.