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TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE


HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM




            Compiled by

           Dr Chook Ka Joo
    Quality Assurance Department
    Tunku Abdul Rahman College

                and

     Mr Johnny Chin Fui Chung
   Extra-Mural Studies Department
    Tunku Abdul Rahman College


               2008
CONTENTS                              Page




1.0   INTRODUCTION                            1


2.0   THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES     1


3.0   REFERENCING SYSTEM                      1


4.0   THE HARVARD SYSTEM                      2


5.0   CITATION IN THE TEXT                    2


6.0   THE REFERENCE LIST                      6


7.0   EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING                 9


REFERENCES
TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE

                       HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM


1.0      INTRODUCTION

Referencing or citing means acknowledging the source of information and ideas
you have used in your assignment (e.g. essay, report, project, research paper,
etc.). This is a standard practice at all institutions of higher learning including
Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) College.

This learning guide on Harvard referencing system was developed based on the
following references:

•     Curtin University Library. 2007. Harvard referencing.
•     Fisher, D. and Hanstock, T. 1998. Citing references.
•     Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2005. Research methods for
      business students.
•     University of Bournemouth. 2005. Citing references.
•     University of South Australia. 2006. Referencing using the Harvard author–
      date system.


2.0      THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES

The following are reasons why referencing is needed:

•     to acknowledge debts to other writers
•     to demonstrate the body/scope of knowledge upon which your research is
      based on
•     to enable all those who read your work to locate the sources easily

More importantly, by using appropriate references, you will show the breadth and
quality of your assignment and avoid plagiarism. For further details on plagiarism,
please refer to the TAR College guide on Avoiding Plagiarism.


3.0      REFERENCING SYSTEM

The two most common types of referencing systems used are:

i.  Author-date system such as the Harvard System, APA (American
    Psychological Association) and MLA (Modern Languages Association)
ii. Numerical system such as the Chicago or Turabian, Vancouver and footnote.



                      TAR College Harvard Referencing System                     1
The referencing system used in TAR College is the Harvard System for all of the
Schools except the School of Social Science and Humanities, which is using the
APA system.


4.0      THE HARVARD SYSTEM

In the Harvard System, cited publications are referred to as citation in the text by
giving the author’s family name and the year of publication and the details are
listed in the reference list at the end of the text/work (see page 9 for examples).

The process of citing references consists of two inter-related parts:

i. Citing - the way a writer refers from the text to the sources used in the
    assignment.
ii. Referencing - the process of creating a reference list of each source a writer
    has used in writing the assignment.

All statements, opinions, conclusion, etc. taken from another writer’s work should
be cited, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.


5.0      CITATION IN THE TEXT

When writing a piece of work, you will need to refer to materials written or
produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. The
system that you have used to cite the sources must be consistent and accurate
to enable readers to identify and locate the materials to which you have referred
to. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference.

When you cite references in the text of your assignment include:

•     the author or editor’s family name (or organisation responsible) - do NOT
      include given names or initials
•     the year of publication
•     page(s) of publication (if appropriate and where available)


5.1      In many cases, you just need to use the author’s family name and date.

         For example:

         Many factors are known to affect the success of students at the tertiary
         education level (Saunders, 2005).

                        OR


                        TAR College Harvard Referencing System                    2
Saunders (2003, p.21) claims that there are many factors that are known
       to affect the success of students at the tertiary education level.

       In these two examples, the sentences summarise the main view
       expressed in an article written by Saunders, which is not taken from one
       single page of the source. Also note that the first example highlights the
       information but the second example highlights or gives prominence to the
       author of the article.

       i.   If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year is given
            in parentheses:

            In a popular study, Harvey (2005) argued that we have to teach good
            practices…

            As Harvey (1992, p.21) said, ‘good practices must be taught’ and so
            we …

       ii. If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and
           year are given in parentheses:

            A more recent study (Stevens, 2002) has shown the way theory and
            practical work interact…

            Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to direct or
            explain the practice (Stevens, 2002).


5.2    There are cases when you need to include a page number in the
       parentheses.

       For example:

       Ramli (2006, p.7) showed that 63 percent of workers was found to be
       affected by work-related stress.

       You need to include the page number when you:

        i. use a direct quote from an original source
       ii. summarise an idea from a particular page
      iii. include tables, figures, charts or illustrations from other sources in your
           work

       Use ‘p.’ when you are citing the information from a single page and ‘pp.’
       when the information is cited from more than one page.



                       TAR College Harvard Referencing System                       3
5.3    When there are four or more authors for a reference, you need to include
       all their names in your first in-text citation of their work. When the same
       source is cited again, use ‘et al.’ (which is Latin for ‘and the others’).

       Saunders, Jones, Cooper and Steinmark (2006, p.7) postulate that 54
       percent of the students do not use proper referencing system… As a
       result of this, Saunders et al. (2006) listed a few major problems that
       students face in doing project work.

       The names of all the authors are listed in the reference list in the same
       order they are listed in the original reference.


5.4    Personal communication such as interviews, telephone calls, video
       conferencing and internet chat do not provide recoverable data; therefore,
       they are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communication in
       the text citation only. Provide initials as well as the family name (full name
       for Asians) of the communicator and provide the exact date.

       Many designers do not understand the needs of the young people
       according to Toi See Luon (personal communication, 19 April 2007)


 5.5   Additional Information

       Quotations – As a rule, if the quote is less than a line, it may be included
       in the body of the text in quotation marks.

       Summaries or paraphrases – Give the citation where it occurs naturally or
       at the end of the relevant piece of writing.

       Tables, charts, diagrams or illustrations – These should be referenced as
       though they were a quotation if they have been taken from a published
       work.

       If details of particular parts of a document are required, e.g. page
       numbers, they should be given after the year within the parentheses.

       Rules for citation in text for printed documents also apply to electronic
       documents except where pagination is absent. If an electronic document
       does not include pagination or an equivalent internal referencing system,
       the extent of the item may be indicated in terms such as the total number
       of lines, screens, etc., e.g. “[21 lines]” or “[approx 8 screens]”.




                      TAR College Harvard Referencing System                       4
5.6   Writing convention

      The following conventions are not prescribed by national or international
      standards but have been included because they are usually adhered to by
      the academic community.

      If you are quoting a few words, the usual practice is as follows:

      Example A:

      Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003, p.93) argued that grounded theory
      is best defined as ‘theory building’ compared to the assertion of Glaser
      and Strauss (1967) of inductive approach to research.

      Example B:

      Robson (2002, p.178) defines case study as ‘a strategy for doing research
      which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary
      phenomenon [current issues] …using multiple sources of evidence.’

      The quotation forms part of your text and is indicated by enclosing it using
      either single apostrophe ‘ ’ or double apostrophe “ ”.

      •   The … indicates word or words from the original source have been left
          out.
      •   Square brackets [ ] tell your reader you have added your own words to
          the quotation.
      •   If you are quoting a longer quotation, it is a common practice for the
          whole quotation to be indented:

             “There is no doubt that Internet technology has changed and
             is changing the way organizations do business. Using the
             Internet, companies have, for instance, (1) created
             knowledge bases that employees can tap into anytime,
             anywhere; (2) turned customers into collaborated partners
             who design, test and launch new products; (3) become
             virtually paperless in specific tasks such as purchasing and
             filling expense reports; (4) managed logistics in real time;
             and (5) changed the nature of numerous work tasks
             throughout the organization …” (Robbins & Coulter, 2005,
             p.197)




                     TAR College Harvard Referencing System                     5
6.0   THE REFERENCE LIST

6.1   The reference list in the Harvard system:

      •   is titled ‘References’
      •   is arranged alphabetically by author’s family name
      •   is a single list – books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed
          together and not arranged in a separate list
      •   includes the full details of your citation in the text
      •   is NOT a bibliography – you do not need to produce a bibliography for
          your assignments unless specifically asked to do so by your lecturer. A
          bibliography lists everything you may have read but did NOT use it in
          the course of doing the assignment while a reference list is limited to
          the citation in the text references used in your assignment.

6.2   Steps involved in referencing

      a. Note down the full details of the source including page number from
         which the information is taken.

          In the case of a book, the details included are author(s) of the book,
          year, title, edition, place of publication and publisher as found on the
          front and back of the title page.

          In the case of a journal article, the details included are author(s) of
          the article, date of publication, title of article, title of journal, volume and
          issue number of journal and page numbers.

          For all electronic information, in addition to the above, you should
          note the date you accessed the information and database or website
          address (URL).

      b. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the
         document.

      c. Provide a reference list at the end of your assignment.

6.3   Whenever possible, elements needed for the reference list should be
      taken from the title page of the publication.

      •   For place of publication, provide the city.
      •   If more than one town/city is listed, list the first one or the location of
          the publisher’s head office.
      •   If the town is not well known, you may add a county, region or state.
          Note that in the United States of America, states are denoted by a two-
          letter code, for example ‘Hillsdale, NJ’.


                      TAR College Harvard Referencing System                            6
•     For the publisher’s name, omit superfluous terms such as ‘Publishers’,
            ‘Co.’ or ‘Inc.’ but always retain the word ‘Books’ or ‘Press’.
      •     Where the publisher is a university and the place or the location is not
            included in the name of the university, do not repeat the place of
            publication.

6.4   Each reference should use the elements and punctuation given in the
      following examples for the different types of work you may have cited.
      Underlining is an acceptable alternative to italics when references are
      handwritten.

6.5   The reference list is arranged alphabetically by authors’ family names.
      When an item has no author (e.g. newspaper report, annual company
      report, brochure), it is cited by its title and sequenced in the reference list
      by the first significant word of the title.

6.6   The Harvard System requires the second and subsequent lines of the
      reference to be indented to highlight the alphabetical order.

6.7   Setting out the items in a Reference List using the Harvard Referencing
      System

      The main elements required for a reference are set out in this order:

      6.7.1 Example of a book

      The main elements required for referencing a book are set out in this
      order:

      Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of book. Place of publication:
            Publisher.


          Author’s family name              Year of publication   Title of the book in
          followed by a comma,              followed by a full    italics followed by a full
          then initial(s) followed          stop - no brackets    stop - upper case used
          by a full stop                                          only for the first word


      Cameron, S. 2002. Business student’s handbook: Learning skills for study
           and employment. Harlow: Prentice Hall.

                                     Place of publication         Publisher followed
                                     followed by a colon          by a full stop




                         TAR College Harvard Referencing System                                7
6.7.2 Example of an academic journal

The main elements required for referencing a journal article are set out in
this order:

Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. ‘Title of article’. Title of journal.
      Volume number and (issue or part number), page number.

  Author’s family name            Year of publication     Title of the article in single
  followed by a comma,            followed by a full      inverted comma - upper
  then initial(s) followed        stop - no brackets      case for the first word only,
  by a full stop                                          full stop after the second
                                                          inverted comma

Bilosvalavo, R. and Lynn, M. 2006. ‘Mission statements in Slovene
       enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation’.
       Management Decision., 45(4), pp.773-788.


                                                                   Page number (pp) of
  Title of the journal       Volume         Issue number in a
                                                                   the article followed
  in italics followed        number of      bracket followed
                                                                   by a full stop at the
  by a full stop             the journal    by a comma
                                                                   end


6.7.3 Example of an electronic publication

The main elements required for referencing an electronic publication are
set out in this order:

Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of document or website. Date
      viewed. Full address <url>.

  Author’s family name            Year of publication     Title of the article in italics,
  followed by a comma,            followed by a full      followed by a full stop -
  then initial(s) followed        stop - no brackets      upper case used for first
  by a full stop                                          word



Potter, J. 2005. The big five personality test. Viewed on 11 July 2007.
       Available from: <http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive>.


  The internet address (URL) is enclosed in <           Date the document is
  and > with the full address and followed by a         accessed followed by a
  full stop                                             full stop




                 TAR College Harvard Referencing System                                      8
7.0    EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING

7.1    Books

       Basic format for books:
       Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

                      An example of citation in the
      Books                                                              The entry in the reference list
                                  text
Single author       A key factor in good exam Cameron, S. 2002. Business student’s handbook: Learning skills for study
                    technique … (Cameron, 2002,         and employment. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
                    p.158)
                                                    Khoo, K. K. 1977. The western Malay states. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford
                    Khoo (1977, p.45) argues that …     University Press.

Two or three        According to Kim and Mauborgne Kim, W. C. and Mauborgne, R. 2005. Blue ocean strategy: How to create
authors             (2005), …                           uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant.
                                                        Boston: Harvard Business School.

                                                        Guelich, S., Gundavaram, S. and Birznieks, G. 2000. CGI programming
                                                             with pel. Cambridge: O’Reilly.

Four or more        As suggested by Sandler et al. Sandler, M. P., Patton, J. A., Coleman, R. E., Gottschalk, A., Wackers, F.
authors             (1995, p.14) …                     J. and Hoffere, P. B. 1995. Diagnostic nuclear medicine. Baltimore:
                                                       Williams & Wilkins.

                                                        Leeders, S. R., Dobson, A. J., Gibbers, R. W., Patel, N. K., Mathews, P. S.,
                    The industry … (Leeders et al.,         Williams, A. and Marriot, D. L. 1996. The Australian film industry.
                    1996)                                   Adelaide: Dominion.

Book with no        As shown in Networking Essential Networking essential plus. 2000. 3rd edn. Redmond: Microsoft Press.
author              Plus (2000), …

Book with no date   This has been emphasized by Seah, R. n.d. Micro-computer applications. Redmond: Microsoft Press.
                    Seah (n.d.) when … .




                                              TAR College Harvard Referencing System                                                   9
Electronic book      Gottshalk and Solli-sather (2006) Gottschalk, P. and Solli-saether, H. 2006. Managing successful IT
                     contend that …                       outsourcing relationship. Viewed 30 July 2007. Available from
                                                          <http://site.elibrary.com/lib/tarc/docuement/display.jsp?docID=1008436
                                                          &page=1>.

Translated book      Popularity of the novel ‘Les Cocteau, J. 1961. Les enfantrs terribles, trans. R Lehmann. Penguin:
                     Enfants Terribles’ increased after London.
                     Translation (Cocteau, 1961)

Second edition or    … Walpole and Evans (eds, 2001) Walpole, M. and Evans, C. (eds). 2001. Tax administration in the 21st
later edition of a   question whether                   century. St Leonards, New South Wales: Prospect Media.
book
                     If there is only one editor, use the
                     abbreviation ‘ed’.
Edited book –        The instrument must … (Jones Jones’ Instrument Technology. 1985. Mechanical measurement. London:
editor’s work not    Instrument Technology, 1985).        Butterworth.
paramount
                                                          Singapore 2001. edn, Rodan, G. Ashgate: Aldershot.

One volume of a      It has been implied (Einax, 1995) Einax, J. 1995. Chemometrics in environmental chemistry: Applications.
multi-volume set     that …                               Vol. 2. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Berlin: Springer.
of books
Chapter in an        Ezhar (2001) notes that …            Ezhar, T. 2001. ‘Working with foreigners’. In Asma Abdullah and Aric Low.
edited book                                                  (eds). Understanding Malaysian workforce. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian
                                                             Institute of Management, pp.179-196.

Encyclopaedia or     Collins Cobuild English Dictionary No entry is required in the reference list because you have the name and
dictionary - with    (1995) defines ethics as …         date of the dictionary in the in-text citation.
no author
Encyclopaedia or     Hawkins (1997, p.128) defines Hawkins, J. G. 1995. Kamus dwibahasa Oxford Fajar. 2nd edn. Kuala
dictionary - with    ethics as …                      Lumpur: Fajar Bakti.
author




                                                 TAR College Harvard Referencing System                                               10
7.2    Journal articles

       Basic format for journal articles:
       Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. ‘Title of article’. Title of journal, Volume number, Issue, Page no.

                      An example of citation in the
      Journal                                                                 The entry in the reference list
                                    text
Single author        Ho (2007, p.2) argues that …        Ho, S. 2007. ‘Knowledge sharing - a fear factor’. Malaysian Management
                                                             Review. 42 (2), pp 1-22.

Two or three         Bilosvalavo and Lynn        (2006, Bilosvalavo, R. and Lynn, M. 2006. ‘Mission statements in Slovene
authors              p.774) acknowledge …                    enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation’.
                                                             Management Decision. 45(4), pp.773-788.

                     The impact of IT … (Li and Li, G. and Clifford, N. 2007. ‘When a talking computer agent is half human
                     Clifford, 2007, p.163).         and half humanoid’. Human Communication Research. 33(2), pp.163-
                                                     193.

More than four       2nd citation onwards                George, B., Sims, P., Mclean, A. N. and Mayer, D. 2007. ‘Discovering your
authors                                                      authentic leadership’. Harvard Business Review. 85(2), pp.129-138.
                     George et al. (2007) claim that …

Journal article      It is a growing problem in the UK Anorexia nervosa. 1969. British Medical Journal. 10(2), pp.529-536.
with no author       (Anorexia Nervosa, p.530)…

Electronic book      Holland (2004) maintains that …     Holland, M. 2004. Guide to citing internet sources [online]. Poole,
                                                              Bournemouth University. Viewed on 10 July 2007. Available from:
                                                              <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/guide_to_citing_internet
                                                              _source.html>.

Journal article      … and this has been established Eisend, M. and Schucherta, P. 2006. ‘Explaining counterfeit purchases: A
from an electronic   by Eisend and Schucherta (2006).     review and preview’. Academy of Marketing Service. Vol. 2006 (2).
journal using                                             Viewed on 31 July 2007. Available from: <http://www.amsreview.org/
electronic                                                articles/eisend12-2006pdf>.
database




                                                TAR College Harvard Referencing System                                               11
A World Wide          The result of the test can … Potter, J. 2005. The big five personality test. Viewed on 11 July 2007.
Web site              (Potter, 2005).                  Available from: <http:// www.outofservice.com/bigfive>.

Document on           Harvard referencing is a format of Wikipedia. 2007. ‘Harvard referencing’. Viewed on 23 July 2007. Available
World Wide Web        … (Wikipedia, 2007).                  from: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/harvard_referencing>.
with no author
Electronic thesis     Crain (2000) postulates that …      Crain, J. 2000. ‘The effects of a formal induction program on newly hired
                                                             teachers’ perceptions on self-efficacy’. Department of Teaching and
                                                             Leadership, University of Kansas. Viewed on 30 July 2007. UMI
                                                             Proquest Dissertation ATT990068.<http://proquest.umi.com.newdc.
                                                             oum.edu.my/pqdweb?index=1&did=728423791&SrchMode=1&sid=3&F
                                                             mt=14&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=118
                                                             5859215&clientId=56581>.

Media releases on     Ong (2007) notes that sustainable   Ong, K. T. (Minister of Housing and Local Government). 2007. ‘Sustainable
the World Wide        living …                              living in Malaysia’. 16 June 2007. Ministry of Housing and Local
Web                                                         Government. Kuala Lumpur. Viewed on 30 July 2007. Available from:
                                                            <http://aplikasi.kpkt.gov.my/ucapan.nsf>.

Discussion lists or   Marsh (2007) postulates that …      Marsh, A. 2007. “What are these?’List server. Google Recreational
newsgroups                                                 Gardens.     Viewed     on    30    July   2007.    Available   from:
                                                           <http://groups.google.com/group/rec.gardens/browse_thread/thread/e0e
                                                           c899d3facbe61/2956944565b8e75c#2956944565b8e75c>.

email                 Amir (2007) confirmed this by Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal
                      email on 1 July 2007…         email messages are not included in a reference list.

Computer              A programme was developed … MathWorks. 2001. MATLAB. Ver 6. computer programs. Natick, MA: The
program               (MathWorks, 2001).            MathWorks Inc.

CD ROMs and           Hawkings (1994) states that …       Hawking, S.W. 1994. A brief history of time: An interactive adventure. [CD-
DVDs                                                        ROM]. Crunch Media.




                                                TAR College Harvard Referencing System                                                  12
7.3      Special publications and materials

         Basic format:
         Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of item, description of item. Place of publication: Publisher.

                         An example of citation in the
      Example                                                              The entry in the reference list
                                     text
Conference paper        It has been shown (Chang, Chang, C. C. 2003. ‘Malaysia’s outline perspective plan towards prosperity
                        2003) that …                   in the trend of globalisation’, Proceedings of the Seventh World Chinese
                                                       Entrepreneurs Convention, 21 - 26 July 2003, Sunway Resort, Petaling
                                                       Jaya. The Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of
                        Chang (2003) contends that …   Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: ACCIM.

Newspaper article       As Fernandez (2007) notes in Fernandez, T. 2007. ‘I didn’t make any threats: Kayveas’. The Sun. 31 July
with author             his articles, …                2007, pp.2.

Newspaper article       …in The Sun (31 July 2007, The Sun. 31 July 2007. ‘Master plan boost for northern corridor’, pp.3.
with no author          p.3).
Publication from a      The   plans    include  … Unesco. 1995. General information programme and UNISIST. Paris:
corporate body          (UNESCO,1995).               Unesco.

                                                          Genting Berhad. 2007. Genting Berhad annual report 2006. Kuala Lumpur:
                                                            Genting Berhad.

Government article      The strategic approaches      Ministry of Agriculture. 1998. ‘The third national agriculture policy’. Kuala
                        include…                        Lumpur: Ministry of Agriculture.
                        (Third National Agriculture
                        Policy 1998-2010, 1998).
Patent                  Tadayuki, Kazuhsia and Atushi Tadayuki, O., Kazuhsia,Y. and Atsushi, N. 1999. Hard butter composition
                        (1999) show that …              and its production. Japanese Patent 99-78710.

                                                          Aziz, A. 1997. Methods and apparatus for a key management scheme for
                                                            interent protocols. United States Patent Application 68-438.

Video or television     The process involves 3 stages MIG Welding. 1987. ‘Mild steel with low current’. Video recording.
recording               … (MIG Welding, 1987).          Cambridge: Welding Institute.



                                                 TAR College Harvard Referencing System                                               13
Pamphlet or          TAR College’s philosophy is … TAR College Prospectus 2007/2008. Kuala Lumpur: Tunku Abdul Rahman
brochure             (TAR   College     Prospectus,  College.
                     2007).

Audio cassette       The original broadcast (War of War of the worlds. 1999. Mercury Theatre on the air. Audio CD. Radio
                     the Worlds, 1999) in 1938 is    Spirits. Asin.
                     said to have caused mass panic
                     amongst listeners.

Standard             The standards set by SIRIM SIRIM. 2003. ‘Code of practices for access of disabled persons outside
                     (2003) states that …         buildings’. MS13311:2003. Shah Alam: SIRIM Berhad.

Personal             It has been confirmed by Seow Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal
communication        (2007, personal communication, email messages are not included in a reference list.
                     10 July 2007) that this practice
                     … is widespread.

Thesis               Lee (1995) recommends that …    Lee, C.W. 1995. Characteristics of rubber products for mining applications.
                                                       Unpublished Final Year Advanced Diploma Project. Advanced Diploma
                                                       in Material Engineering. School of Technology. Tunku Abdul Rahman
                                                       College. MF06983.

Document on          Ball, Lee, Phan and Ra (2001) Ball, K., Lee, Y.H., Phan, O. and Ra, Y. S. 2001. Adult retraining and
microfiche           suggest that …                  reskilling in Australia and South Korea. National Centre for Vocational
                                                     Education Research. Leabrook (Australia) and Korea Research Institute
                                                     for Vocational Education and Training (Seoul). ERIC microfiche
                                                     ED451368.

Acts of Parliament   The Service Tax (Amendments, Service Tax (Amendments). 2002.
                     2000) states that …
                                                  Industrial Relations Act. 1967.




                                            TAR College Harvard Referencing System                                                 14
7.4   Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

      Here are some of the FAQs on referencing.

      Question 1
      If I read a book or a journal article by one author (Author 1) and he
      mentions an idea by another author (Author 2), whose idea do I refer
      to? How do I reference that?

      You must mention both authors (Author 1 and Author 2) in your in-text
      citations; and in your reference list, you only need to list the item you have
      read, that is Author 1.

      For example, if you read about an idea by Lim (Author 2) in a book by
      Saunders (Author 1), you need to mention both the authors in your in-text
      citations. Your in-text citations would appear as:

         Lim (Saunders, 2003, p.71) states that …            or
         Lim’s study (cited in Saunders, 2003, p.71) indicates that … or
         Saunders (2003, p.71), in reporting Lim’s study, emphasized the
         aspect …

      In the reference list, you list only Saunders’ (the source you read) and not
      Lim’s (whose idea you only read about in Saunders’).


      Question 2
      How do I cite the authors’ names if they have the same family name
      in the reference list? How do I show in my in-text reference which
      idea belongs to which author?

      You distinguish between the two authors in your assignment by adding
      their initials to the in-text reference (which usually only has the family
      name and date).

      For example:

         The theory was first suggested in 1970 (Johnson, H. T., 1971) but
         since then, many researchers, including Johnson, D. E. (2001), have
         rejected the idea.


      Question 3
      How do I cite an author who has written more than one work in the
      same year? How do I show which idea comes from which reference?

      You put a lower case letter of the alphabet next to the year or date and
      keep these letters in your reference list as well.
                     TAR College Harvard Referencing System                      15
For example:

    In a recent publication, Bart (2004b) argued that mission statements of
    most organization are underutilised and most organization had jumped
    on the bandwagon of creating mission statements without knowing the
    true purpose of the statement (Bart, 2004a).

The order of sequence in which you attach the letters is based on the
alphabetical order of the title of the work by the author.


Question 4
How do I cite information from my lectures, tutorials or study
guides?

You do NOT cite your lectures, tutorials or study guides as sources unless
your lecturer has particularly said this is acceptable. This is because
lectures, tutorials and study guides are intended to give you an
introduction to a topic. In assignments where you undertake research,
you are expected to read widely and identify for yourself the main ideas
that are relevant from various sources. In addition, oral communication is
not generally referenced. Your lecturers and tutors do not reference their
comments. If you cite them as your source of an idea, it could be
inaccurate, possibly even plagiarism, because the lecturers might be
referring to someone else’s idea, not one of their own.


Question 5
What if I cannot find the author or a date in a website?

•   When there is no name on a webpage, look for a sponsoring body like
    an organisation or a government department responsible for the
    information.
•   Where there is no sponsoring body, use the title of the article or
    document on the screen as the ‘author’.
•   Where there is no date, use ‘n.d.’ (no date).

If a resource has no author and no date, you need to consider whether it is
a suitable source for academic work, as your work will suffer from lack of
credibility.


Question 6
How do I reference a graph or a figure that I copy or adapt?

A basic principle of Harvard referencing is providing the author and date
as an in-text reference. This also applies when you use other people’s

               TAR College Harvard Referencing System                   16
pictures, graphs or figures. You also need to make it clear if you have
adapted the picture or graph for your own purposes.

For example:


       The Process




                                                           (AACSB, 2006, p.6)


Question 7
How do I cite Malaysian or Asian names?

You will need to be aware of the various ways to cite Asian names. For
Chinese and Japanese names, use the writers’ family names when you
are citing them in your text. As for your reference list, put the writers’
family names first followed by their initials.

For example:

    Full name        In-text citation               Reference List
 Chinese Name
 Sheng Ye Lin        Sheng (2003)       Sheng, Y. L.. 2003. The Chinese
                                          dilemma. New South Wales: East
                                          West Ltd.
 Japanese Name
 Tatsyo Kimbara      Kimbara (2007)     Kimbara, T. 2007. The digital collapse.
                                          London: Penguin.




               TAR College Harvard Referencing System                        17
However, for Malay and Indian names, use the writers’ full names in both
the in-text citation and reference list.

For example:

    Full name        In-text citation              Reference List
 Malay Name
 Mahathir           Mahathir            Mahathir Mohammad. 1982. The Malay
 Mohammad           Mohammad              dilemma. Petaling Jaya: Federal
                    (1982)                Publications.
 Indian Name
 Bala Ramasamy      Bala                Bala Ramasamy. 2003. ‘FDI and
                    Ramasamy              uncertainty: The Malaysian case
                    (2004)                study’. Journal of Asia Pacific
                                          Economy. 20(2). pp.75-79.

For names of other Asian writers such as Thai names, Cambodian names,
etc., you need to find out how other writers within your academic world cite
these names. Always refer to current journals or publications to see how
these Asian names are cited. If you are still unsure about this, refer to
various refecencing guides which are available online.

Question 8

In the reference list, do I separate the various sources of references
that I have used in my in-text citations?

All references that you have referred to in your assignment or project
should be arranged in alphabetical order in one list with NO separation of
the sources into categories like books, journals, etc.




                TAR College Harvard Referencing System                   18
REFERENCES


Curtin University Library. 2007. Harvard referencing. Viewed on 4 July 2007.
     Available from: <http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/harvard.pdf>.

Fisher, D. and Hanstock, T. 1998. Citing references. Nottingham: Balckwell’s
    Bookshops.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2005. Research methods for business
students.
    3rd edn. Harlow: Prentice Hall.

University of Bournemouth. 2005. Citing references. Viewed on 4 July 2007.
    Available from: <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/citing_references/
    docs/Citing_Refs.pdf>.

University of South Australia. 2006. Referencing using the Harvard author-date
    system. Viewed on 4 July 2007. Available from: <http://www.unisanet.unisa.
    edu.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvard-
    referencing.pdf>.




                    TAR College Harvard Referencing System                  19

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tarc Harvard referencing system

  • 1. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM Compiled by Dr Chook Ka Joo Quality Assurance Department Tunku Abdul Rahman College and Mr Johnny Chin Fui Chung Extra-Mural Studies Department Tunku Abdul Rahman College 2008
  • 2. CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES 1 3.0 REFERENCING SYSTEM 1 4.0 THE HARVARD SYSTEM 2 5.0 CITATION IN THE TEXT 2 6.0 THE REFERENCE LIST 6 7.0 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING 9 REFERENCES
  • 3. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM 1.0 INTRODUCTION Referencing or citing means acknowledging the source of information and ideas you have used in your assignment (e.g. essay, report, project, research paper, etc.). This is a standard practice at all institutions of higher learning including Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) College. This learning guide on Harvard referencing system was developed based on the following references: • Curtin University Library. 2007. Harvard referencing. • Fisher, D. and Hanstock, T. 1998. Citing references. • Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2005. Research methods for business students. • University of Bournemouth. 2005. Citing references. • University of South Australia. 2006. Referencing using the Harvard author– date system. 2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES The following are reasons why referencing is needed: • to acknowledge debts to other writers • to demonstrate the body/scope of knowledge upon which your research is based on • to enable all those who read your work to locate the sources easily More importantly, by using appropriate references, you will show the breadth and quality of your assignment and avoid plagiarism. For further details on plagiarism, please refer to the TAR College guide on Avoiding Plagiarism. 3.0 REFERENCING SYSTEM The two most common types of referencing systems used are: i. Author-date system such as the Harvard System, APA (American Psychological Association) and MLA (Modern Languages Association) ii. Numerical system such as the Chicago or Turabian, Vancouver and footnote. TAR College Harvard Referencing System 1
  • 4. The referencing system used in TAR College is the Harvard System for all of the Schools except the School of Social Science and Humanities, which is using the APA system. 4.0 THE HARVARD SYSTEM In the Harvard System, cited publications are referred to as citation in the text by giving the author’s family name and the year of publication and the details are listed in the reference list at the end of the text/work (see page 9 for examples). The process of citing references consists of two inter-related parts: i. Citing - the way a writer refers from the text to the sources used in the assignment. ii. Referencing - the process of creating a reference list of each source a writer has used in writing the assignment. All statements, opinions, conclusion, etc. taken from another writer’s work should be cited, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. 5.0 CITATION IN THE TEXT When writing a piece of work, you will need to refer to materials written or produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. The system that you have used to cite the sources must be consistent and accurate to enable readers to identify and locate the materials to which you have referred to. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference. When you cite references in the text of your assignment include: • the author or editor’s family name (or organisation responsible) - do NOT include given names or initials • the year of publication • page(s) of publication (if appropriate and where available) 5.1 In many cases, you just need to use the author’s family name and date. For example: Many factors are known to affect the success of students at the tertiary education level (Saunders, 2005). OR TAR College Harvard Referencing System 2
  • 5. Saunders (2003, p.21) claims that there are many factors that are known to affect the success of students at the tertiary education level. In these two examples, the sentences summarise the main view expressed in an article written by Saunders, which is not taken from one single page of the source. Also note that the first example highlights the information but the second example highlights or gives prominence to the author of the article. i. If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year is given in parentheses: In a popular study, Harvey (2005) argued that we have to teach good practices… As Harvey (1992, p.21) said, ‘good practices must be taught’ and so we … ii. If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and year are given in parentheses: A more recent study (Stevens, 2002) has shown the way theory and practical work interact… Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to direct or explain the practice (Stevens, 2002). 5.2 There are cases when you need to include a page number in the parentheses. For example: Ramli (2006, p.7) showed that 63 percent of workers was found to be affected by work-related stress. You need to include the page number when you: i. use a direct quote from an original source ii. summarise an idea from a particular page iii. include tables, figures, charts or illustrations from other sources in your work Use ‘p.’ when you are citing the information from a single page and ‘pp.’ when the information is cited from more than one page. TAR College Harvard Referencing System 3
  • 6. 5.3 When there are four or more authors for a reference, you need to include all their names in your first in-text citation of their work. When the same source is cited again, use ‘et al.’ (which is Latin for ‘and the others’). Saunders, Jones, Cooper and Steinmark (2006, p.7) postulate that 54 percent of the students do not use proper referencing system… As a result of this, Saunders et al. (2006) listed a few major problems that students face in doing project work. The names of all the authors are listed in the reference list in the same order they are listed in the original reference. 5.4 Personal communication such as interviews, telephone calls, video conferencing and internet chat do not provide recoverable data; therefore, they are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communication in the text citation only. Provide initials as well as the family name (full name for Asians) of the communicator and provide the exact date. Many designers do not understand the needs of the young people according to Toi See Luon (personal communication, 19 April 2007) 5.5 Additional Information Quotations – As a rule, if the quote is less than a line, it may be included in the body of the text in quotation marks. Summaries or paraphrases – Give the citation where it occurs naturally or at the end of the relevant piece of writing. Tables, charts, diagrams or illustrations – These should be referenced as though they were a quotation if they have been taken from a published work. If details of particular parts of a document are required, e.g. page numbers, they should be given after the year within the parentheses. Rules for citation in text for printed documents also apply to electronic documents except where pagination is absent. If an electronic document does not include pagination or an equivalent internal referencing system, the extent of the item may be indicated in terms such as the total number of lines, screens, etc., e.g. “[21 lines]” or “[approx 8 screens]”. TAR College Harvard Referencing System 4
  • 7. 5.6 Writing convention The following conventions are not prescribed by national or international standards but have been included because they are usually adhered to by the academic community. If you are quoting a few words, the usual practice is as follows: Example A: Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003, p.93) argued that grounded theory is best defined as ‘theory building’ compared to the assertion of Glaser and Strauss (1967) of inductive approach to research. Example B: Robson (2002, p.178) defines case study as ‘a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon [current issues] …using multiple sources of evidence.’ The quotation forms part of your text and is indicated by enclosing it using either single apostrophe ‘ ’ or double apostrophe “ ”. • The … indicates word or words from the original source have been left out. • Square brackets [ ] tell your reader you have added your own words to the quotation. • If you are quoting a longer quotation, it is a common practice for the whole quotation to be indented: “There is no doubt that Internet technology has changed and is changing the way organizations do business. Using the Internet, companies have, for instance, (1) created knowledge bases that employees can tap into anytime, anywhere; (2) turned customers into collaborated partners who design, test and launch new products; (3) become virtually paperless in specific tasks such as purchasing and filling expense reports; (4) managed logistics in real time; and (5) changed the nature of numerous work tasks throughout the organization …” (Robbins & Coulter, 2005, p.197) TAR College Harvard Referencing System 5
  • 8. 6.0 THE REFERENCE LIST 6.1 The reference list in the Harvard system: • is titled ‘References’ • is arranged alphabetically by author’s family name • is a single list – books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed together and not arranged in a separate list • includes the full details of your citation in the text • is NOT a bibliography – you do not need to produce a bibliography for your assignments unless specifically asked to do so by your lecturer. A bibliography lists everything you may have read but did NOT use it in the course of doing the assignment while a reference list is limited to the citation in the text references used in your assignment. 6.2 Steps involved in referencing a. Note down the full details of the source including page number from which the information is taken. In the case of a book, the details included are author(s) of the book, year, title, edition, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. In the case of a journal article, the details included are author(s) of the article, date of publication, title of article, title of journal, volume and issue number of journal and page numbers. For all electronic information, in addition to the above, you should note the date you accessed the information and database or website address (URL). b. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document. c. Provide a reference list at the end of your assignment. 6.3 Whenever possible, elements needed for the reference list should be taken from the title page of the publication. • For place of publication, provide the city. • If more than one town/city is listed, list the first one or the location of the publisher’s head office. • If the town is not well known, you may add a county, region or state. Note that in the United States of America, states are denoted by a two- letter code, for example ‘Hillsdale, NJ’. TAR College Harvard Referencing System 6
  • 9. For the publisher’s name, omit superfluous terms such as ‘Publishers’, ‘Co.’ or ‘Inc.’ but always retain the word ‘Books’ or ‘Press’. • Where the publisher is a university and the place or the location is not included in the name of the university, do not repeat the place of publication. 6.4 Each reference should use the elements and punctuation given in the following examples for the different types of work you may have cited. Underlining is an acceptable alternative to italics when references are handwritten. 6.5 The reference list is arranged alphabetically by authors’ family names. When an item has no author (e.g. newspaper report, annual company report, brochure), it is cited by its title and sequenced in the reference list by the first significant word of the title. 6.6 The Harvard System requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented to highlight the alphabetical order. 6.7 Setting out the items in a Reference List using the Harvard Referencing System The main elements required for a reference are set out in this order: 6.7.1 Example of a book The main elements required for referencing a book are set out in this order: Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Author’s family name Year of publication Title of the book in followed by a comma, followed by a full italics followed by a full then initial(s) followed stop - no brackets stop - upper case used by a full stop only for the first word Cameron, S. 2002. Business student’s handbook: Learning skills for study and employment. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Place of publication Publisher followed followed by a colon by a full stop TAR College Harvard Referencing System 7
  • 10. 6.7.2 Example of an academic journal The main elements required for referencing a journal article are set out in this order: Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. ‘Title of article’. Title of journal. Volume number and (issue or part number), page number. Author’s family name Year of publication Title of the article in single followed by a comma, followed by a full inverted comma - upper then initial(s) followed stop - no brackets case for the first word only, by a full stop full stop after the second inverted comma Bilosvalavo, R. and Lynn, M. 2006. ‘Mission statements in Slovene enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation’. Management Decision., 45(4), pp.773-788. Page number (pp) of Title of the journal Volume Issue number in a the article followed in italics followed number of bracket followed by a full stop at the by a full stop the journal by a comma end 6.7.3 Example of an electronic publication The main elements required for referencing an electronic publication are set out in this order: Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of document or website. Date viewed. Full address <url>. Author’s family name Year of publication Title of the article in italics, followed by a comma, followed by a full followed by a full stop - then initial(s) followed stop - no brackets upper case used for first by a full stop word Potter, J. 2005. The big five personality test. Viewed on 11 July 2007. Available from: <http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive>. The internet address (URL) is enclosed in < Date the document is and > with the full address and followed by a accessed followed by a full stop full stop TAR College Harvard Referencing System 8
  • 11. 7.0 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING 7.1 Books Basic format for books: Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. An example of citation in the Books The entry in the reference list text Single author A key factor in good exam Cameron, S. 2002. Business student’s handbook: Learning skills for study technique … (Cameron, 2002, and employment. Harlow: Prentice Hall. p.158) Khoo, K. K. 1977. The western Malay states. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford Khoo (1977, p.45) argues that … University Press. Two or three According to Kim and Mauborgne Kim, W. C. and Mauborgne, R. 2005. Blue ocean strategy: How to create authors (2005), … uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant. Boston: Harvard Business School. Guelich, S., Gundavaram, S. and Birznieks, G. 2000. CGI programming with pel. Cambridge: O’Reilly. Four or more As suggested by Sandler et al. Sandler, M. P., Patton, J. A., Coleman, R. E., Gottschalk, A., Wackers, F. authors (1995, p.14) … J. and Hoffere, P. B. 1995. Diagnostic nuclear medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Leeders, S. R., Dobson, A. J., Gibbers, R. W., Patel, N. K., Mathews, P. S., The industry … (Leeders et al., Williams, A. and Marriot, D. L. 1996. The Australian film industry. 1996) Adelaide: Dominion. Book with no As shown in Networking Essential Networking essential plus. 2000. 3rd edn. Redmond: Microsoft Press. author Plus (2000), … Book with no date This has been emphasized by Seah, R. n.d. Micro-computer applications. Redmond: Microsoft Press. Seah (n.d.) when … . TAR College Harvard Referencing System 9
  • 12. Electronic book Gottshalk and Solli-sather (2006) Gottschalk, P. and Solli-saether, H. 2006. Managing successful IT contend that … outsourcing relationship. Viewed 30 July 2007. Available from <http://site.elibrary.com/lib/tarc/docuement/display.jsp?docID=1008436 &page=1>. Translated book Popularity of the novel ‘Les Cocteau, J. 1961. Les enfantrs terribles, trans. R Lehmann. Penguin: Enfants Terribles’ increased after London. Translation (Cocteau, 1961) Second edition or … Walpole and Evans (eds, 2001) Walpole, M. and Evans, C. (eds). 2001. Tax administration in the 21st later edition of a question whether century. St Leonards, New South Wales: Prospect Media. book If there is only one editor, use the abbreviation ‘ed’. Edited book – The instrument must … (Jones Jones’ Instrument Technology. 1985. Mechanical measurement. London: editor’s work not Instrument Technology, 1985). Butterworth. paramount Singapore 2001. edn, Rodan, G. Ashgate: Aldershot. One volume of a It has been implied (Einax, 1995) Einax, J. 1995. Chemometrics in environmental chemistry: Applications. multi-volume set that … Vol. 2. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Berlin: Springer. of books Chapter in an Ezhar (2001) notes that … Ezhar, T. 2001. ‘Working with foreigners’. In Asma Abdullah and Aric Low. edited book (eds). Understanding Malaysian workforce. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Management, pp.179-196. Encyclopaedia or Collins Cobuild English Dictionary No entry is required in the reference list because you have the name and dictionary - with (1995) defines ethics as … date of the dictionary in the in-text citation. no author Encyclopaedia or Hawkins (1997, p.128) defines Hawkins, J. G. 1995. Kamus dwibahasa Oxford Fajar. 2nd edn. Kuala dictionary - with ethics as … Lumpur: Fajar Bakti. author TAR College Harvard Referencing System 10
  • 13. 7.2 Journal articles Basic format for journal articles: Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. ‘Title of article’. Title of journal, Volume number, Issue, Page no. An example of citation in the Journal The entry in the reference list text Single author Ho (2007, p.2) argues that … Ho, S. 2007. ‘Knowledge sharing - a fear factor’. Malaysian Management Review. 42 (2), pp 1-22. Two or three Bilosvalavo and Lynn (2006, Bilosvalavo, R. and Lynn, M. 2006. ‘Mission statements in Slovene authors p.774) acknowledge … enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation’. Management Decision. 45(4), pp.773-788. The impact of IT … (Li and Li, G. and Clifford, N. 2007. ‘When a talking computer agent is half human Clifford, 2007, p.163). and half humanoid’. Human Communication Research. 33(2), pp.163- 193. More than four 2nd citation onwards George, B., Sims, P., Mclean, A. N. and Mayer, D. 2007. ‘Discovering your authors authentic leadership’. Harvard Business Review. 85(2), pp.129-138. George et al. (2007) claim that … Journal article It is a growing problem in the UK Anorexia nervosa. 1969. British Medical Journal. 10(2), pp.529-536. with no author (Anorexia Nervosa, p.530)… Electronic book Holland (2004) maintains that … Holland, M. 2004. Guide to citing internet sources [online]. Poole, Bournemouth University. Viewed on 10 July 2007. Available from: <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/guide_to_citing_internet _source.html>. Journal article … and this has been established Eisend, M. and Schucherta, P. 2006. ‘Explaining counterfeit purchases: A from an electronic by Eisend and Schucherta (2006). review and preview’. Academy of Marketing Service. Vol. 2006 (2). journal using Viewed on 31 July 2007. Available from: <http://www.amsreview.org/ electronic articles/eisend12-2006pdf>. database TAR College Harvard Referencing System 11
  • 14. A World Wide The result of the test can … Potter, J. 2005. The big five personality test. Viewed on 11 July 2007. Web site (Potter, 2005). Available from: <http:// www.outofservice.com/bigfive>. Document on Harvard referencing is a format of Wikipedia. 2007. ‘Harvard referencing’. Viewed on 23 July 2007. Available World Wide Web … (Wikipedia, 2007). from: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/harvard_referencing>. with no author Electronic thesis Crain (2000) postulates that … Crain, J. 2000. ‘The effects of a formal induction program on newly hired teachers’ perceptions on self-efficacy’. Department of Teaching and Leadership, University of Kansas. Viewed on 30 July 2007. UMI Proquest Dissertation ATT990068.<http://proquest.umi.com.newdc. oum.edu.my/pqdweb?index=1&did=728423791&SrchMode=1&sid=3&F mt=14&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=118 5859215&clientId=56581>. Media releases on Ong (2007) notes that sustainable Ong, K. T. (Minister of Housing and Local Government). 2007. ‘Sustainable the World Wide living … living in Malaysia’. 16 June 2007. Ministry of Housing and Local Web Government. Kuala Lumpur. Viewed on 30 July 2007. Available from: <http://aplikasi.kpkt.gov.my/ucapan.nsf>. Discussion lists or Marsh (2007) postulates that … Marsh, A. 2007. “What are these?’List server. Google Recreational newsgroups Gardens. Viewed on 30 July 2007. Available from: <http://groups.google.com/group/rec.gardens/browse_thread/thread/e0e c899d3facbe61/2956944565b8e75c#2956944565b8e75c>. email Amir (2007) confirmed this by Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal email on 1 July 2007… email messages are not included in a reference list. Computer A programme was developed … MathWorks. 2001. MATLAB. Ver 6. computer programs. Natick, MA: The program (MathWorks, 2001). MathWorks Inc. CD ROMs and Hawkings (1994) states that … Hawking, S.W. 1994. A brief history of time: An interactive adventure. [CD- DVDs ROM]. Crunch Media. TAR College Harvard Referencing System 12
  • 15. 7.3 Special publications and materials Basic format: Author’s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of item, description of item. Place of publication: Publisher. An example of citation in the Example The entry in the reference list text Conference paper It has been shown (Chang, Chang, C. C. 2003. ‘Malaysia’s outline perspective plan towards prosperity 2003) that … in the trend of globalisation’, Proceedings of the Seventh World Chinese Entrepreneurs Convention, 21 - 26 July 2003, Sunway Resort, Petaling Jaya. The Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Chang (2003) contends that … Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: ACCIM. Newspaper article As Fernandez (2007) notes in Fernandez, T. 2007. ‘I didn’t make any threats: Kayveas’. The Sun. 31 July with author his articles, … 2007, pp.2. Newspaper article …in The Sun (31 July 2007, The Sun. 31 July 2007. ‘Master plan boost for northern corridor’, pp.3. with no author p.3). Publication from a The plans include … Unesco. 1995. General information programme and UNISIST. Paris: corporate body (UNESCO,1995). Unesco. Genting Berhad. 2007. Genting Berhad annual report 2006. Kuala Lumpur: Genting Berhad. Government article The strategic approaches Ministry of Agriculture. 1998. ‘The third national agriculture policy’. Kuala include… Lumpur: Ministry of Agriculture. (Third National Agriculture Policy 1998-2010, 1998). Patent Tadayuki, Kazuhsia and Atushi Tadayuki, O., Kazuhsia,Y. and Atsushi, N. 1999. Hard butter composition (1999) show that … and its production. Japanese Patent 99-78710. Aziz, A. 1997. Methods and apparatus for a key management scheme for interent protocols. United States Patent Application 68-438. Video or television The process involves 3 stages MIG Welding. 1987. ‘Mild steel with low current’. Video recording. recording … (MIG Welding, 1987). Cambridge: Welding Institute. TAR College Harvard Referencing System 13
  • 16. Pamphlet or TAR College’s philosophy is … TAR College Prospectus 2007/2008. Kuala Lumpur: Tunku Abdul Rahman brochure (TAR College Prospectus, College. 2007). Audio cassette The original broadcast (War of War of the worlds. 1999. Mercury Theatre on the air. Audio CD. Radio the Worlds, 1999) in 1938 is Spirits. Asin. said to have caused mass panic amongst listeners. Standard The standards set by SIRIM SIRIM. 2003. ‘Code of practices for access of disabled persons outside (2003) states that … buildings’. MS13311:2003. Shah Alam: SIRIM Berhad. Personal It has been confirmed by Seow Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal communication (2007, personal communication, email messages are not included in a reference list. 10 July 2007) that this practice … is widespread. Thesis Lee (1995) recommends that … Lee, C.W. 1995. Characteristics of rubber products for mining applications. Unpublished Final Year Advanced Diploma Project. Advanced Diploma in Material Engineering. School of Technology. Tunku Abdul Rahman College. MF06983. Document on Ball, Lee, Phan and Ra (2001) Ball, K., Lee, Y.H., Phan, O. and Ra, Y. S. 2001. Adult retraining and microfiche suggest that … reskilling in Australia and South Korea. National Centre for Vocational Education Research. Leabrook (Australia) and Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training (Seoul). ERIC microfiche ED451368. Acts of Parliament The Service Tax (Amendments, Service Tax (Amendments). 2002. 2000) states that … Industrial Relations Act. 1967. TAR College Harvard Referencing System 14
  • 17. 7.4 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Here are some of the FAQs on referencing. Question 1 If I read a book or a journal article by one author (Author 1) and he mentions an idea by another author (Author 2), whose idea do I refer to? How do I reference that? You must mention both authors (Author 1 and Author 2) in your in-text citations; and in your reference list, you only need to list the item you have read, that is Author 1. For example, if you read about an idea by Lim (Author 2) in a book by Saunders (Author 1), you need to mention both the authors in your in-text citations. Your in-text citations would appear as: Lim (Saunders, 2003, p.71) states that … or Lim’s study (cited in Saunders, 2003, p.71) indicates that … or Saunders (2003, p.71), in reporting Lim’s study, emphasized the aspect … In the reference list, you list only Saunders’ (the source you read) and not Lim’s (whose idea you only read about in Saunders’). Question 2 How do I cite the authors’ names if they have the same family name in the reference list? How do I show in my in-text reference which idea belongs to which author? You distinguish between the two authors in your assignment by adding their initials to the in-text reference (which usually only has the family name and date). For example: The theory was first suggested in 1970 (Johnson, H. T., 1971) but since then, many researchers, including Johnson, D. E. (2001), have rejected the idea. Question 3 How do I cite an author who has written more than one work in the same year? How do I show which idea comes from which reference? You put a lower case letter of the alphabet next to the year or date and keep these letters in your reference list as well. TAR College Harvard Referencing System 15
  • 18. For example: In a recent publication, Bart (2004b) argued that mission statements of most organization are underutilised and most organization had jumped on the bandwagon of creating mission statements without knowing the true purpose of the statement (Bart, 2004a). The order of sequence in which you attach the letters is based on the alphabetical order of the title of the work by the author. Question 4 How do I cite information from my lectures, tutorials or study guides? You do NOT cite your lectures, tutorials or study guides as sources unless your lecturer has particularly said this is acceptable. This is because lectures, tutorials and study guides are intended to give you an introduction to a topic. In assignments where you undertake research, you are expected to read widely and identify for yourself the main ideas that are relevant from various sources. In addition, oral communication is not generally referenced. Your lecturers and tutors do not reference their comments. If you cite them as your source of an idea, it could be inaccurate, possibly even plagiarism, because the lecturers might be referring to someone else’s idea, not one of their own. Question 5 What if I cannot find the author or a date in a website? • When there is no name on a webpage, look for a sponsoring body like an organisation or a government department responsible for the information. • Where there is no sponsoring body, use the title of the article or document on the screen as the ‘author’. • Where there is no date, use ‘n.d.’ (no date). If a resource has no author and no date, you need to consider whether it is a suitable source for academic work, as your work will suffer from lack of credibility. Question 6 How do I reference a graph or a figure that I copy or adapt? A basic principle of Harvard referencing is providing the author and date as an in-text reference. This also applies when you use other people’s TAR College Harvard Referencing System 16
  • 19. pictures, graphs or figures. You also need to make it clear if you have adapted the picture or graph for your own purposes. For example: The Process (AACSB, 2006, p.6) Question 7 How do I cite Malaysian or Asian names? You will need to be aware of the various ways to cite Asian names. For Chinese and Japanese names, use the writers’ family names when you are citing them in your text. As for your reference list, put the writers’ family names first followed by their initials. For example: Full name In-text citation Reference List Chinese Name Sheng Ye Lin Sheng (2003) Sheng, Y. L.. 2003. The Chinese dilemma. New South Wales: East West Ltd. Japanese Name Tatsyo Kimbara Kimbara (2007) Kimbara, T. 2007. The digital collapse. London: Penguin. TAR College Harvard Referencing System 17
  • 20. However, for Malay and Indian names, use the writers’ full names in both the in-text citation and reference list. For example: Full name In-text citation Reference List Malay Name Mahathir Mahathir Mahathir Mohammad. 1982. The Malay Mohammad Mohammad dilemma. Petaling Jaya: Federal (1982) Publications. Indian Name Bala Ramasamy Bala Bala Ramasamy. 2003. ‘FDI and Ramasamy uncertainty: The Malaysian case (2004) study’. Journal of Asia Pacific Economy. 20(2). pp.75-79. For names of other Asian writers such as Thai names, Cambodian names, etc., you need to find out how other writers within your academic world cite these names. Always refer to current journals or publications to see how these Asian names are cited. If you are still unsure about this, refer to various refecencing guides which are available online. Question 8 In the reference list, do I separate the various sources of references that I have used in my in-text citations? All references that you have referred to in your assignment or project should be arranged in alphabetical order in one list with NO separation of the sources into categories like books, journals, etc. TAR College Harvard Referencing System 18
  • 21. REFERENCES Curtin University Library. 2007. Harvard referencing. Viewed on 4 July 2007. Available from: <http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/harvard.pdf>. Fisher, D. and Hanstock, T. 1998. Citing references. Nottingham: Balckwell’s Bookshops. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2005. Research methods for business students. 3rd edn. Harlow: Prentice Hall. University of Bournemouth. 2005. Citing references. Viewed on 4 July 2007. Available from: <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/citing_references/ docs/Citing_Refs.pdf>. University of South Australia. 2006. Referencing using the Harvard author-date system. Viewed on 4 July 2007. Available from: <http://www.unisanet.unisa. edu.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvard- referencing.pdf>. TAR College Harvard Referencing System 19