This document describes metamorphic rock and the processes of metamorphism. It explains that rocks can undergo metamorphism through heat, pressure, or both, which causes changes to their structure, texture, or composition. There are two types of metamorphism: contact metamorphism near magma intrusions, and regional metamorphism deep underground from pressure. Original minerals change into more stable minerals indicating temperature and pressure. Metamorphic rocks exhibit foliated or non-foliated textures and structures like folds that result from deformation during metamorphism.

1. Metamorphic rock Earth Science Chapter 2.4

2. Objectives: Describe two ways a rock can undergo metamorphism. Explainhow the mineral composition of rocks changes as the rocks undergo metamorphism. Describe the difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rock. Explain how metamorphic rock structures are related to deformation.

3. Origins of Metamorphic Rock Metamorphic rocks Rocks in which the structure, texture, or composition of the rock have changed All three types of rock can be changed by heat, pressure, or a combination of both A rock’s texture or mineral composition can change when its surroundings change If the temperature or pressure of the new environment is different from the one in which the rock formed the rock will undergo metamorphism

4. Contact metamorphism When magma moves through the crust, the magma heats the surrounding rock and changes it. Some minerals in the surrounding rock are changed into other minerals by this increase in temperature. The greatest change occurs where magma comes into direct contact with the surrounding rock.

5. Regional metamorphism occurs when pressure builds up in rock that is buried deep below other rock formations or when large pieces of the Earth’s curst collide with each other. The increased pressure and temperature causes rock to become deformed and chemically changed.

6. Composition of Metamorphic Rock As rocks undergo metamorphism Original minerals in a rock change into new minerals that are more stable within the new pressure and temperature conditions. Index minerals (form only in metamorphic rock) Are used to estimate Temperature Depth Pressure ---- at which a rock undergoes meta-morphism. calcite + + + Heat and Pressure = quartz hematite Garnet

7. Texture of Metamorphic Rock Two types: Foliated Metamorphic Rock Mineral grains are arranged in planes or band Usually contains aligned grains of flat minerals, such as biotite, mica or chlorite Metamorphic rocks can become other metamorphic rocks if the environment changes again. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock Mineral grains are not arranged in planes or band commonly made of one or only a few minerals. Recrystallization Process in which crystals of these minerals may change in size or the mineral may change in composition

8. This shows what happens to shale, a sedimentary rock, when it is exposed to more and more heat and pressure. Slate Shale Phylite Schist Gneiss

9. Two examples of nonfoliated metamorphic rock undergoes metamorphism Marble limestone undergoes metamorphism Sandstone Quartzite

10. Metamorphic Rock Structures Metamorphic rock has features that indicates its history. These features are caused by deformation: Change in the shape of a rock caused by a force placed on it. These forces may cause a rock to be squeezed or stretched. Folds, or bends, in metamorphic rock are structures that indicate a rock has been deformed.