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October 8 – 10

HYDROGEOLOGICAL SPRING
CHARACTERIZATION IN THE VAJONT AREA
founded by GEORISK project - University of Padova

Paolo FABBRI (*)(**), Mirta ORTOMBINA (*), Leonardo
PICCININI (*) Dario ZAMPIERI (*) & Luca ZINI (***)
(*) University of Padova, Department of Geosciences, Padova, Italy
(**) Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council of Italy (CNR)
(***) University of Trieste, Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, Trieste, Italy
Plan of the talk
1. Hydrogeological situation of principal springs
in Vajont area
2. Isotopic analysis

3. Le Spesse spring hydrogeological analysis
4. V.E.S.P.A. index
5. Le Spesse spring conceptual model
9oct 2 fabbri-hydrogeological spring
Isotopic Analyses
Le Spesse and Ega Nass springs
Altitude
Recharge
Medium Line
Adriatic Side
9oct 2 fabbri-hydrogeological spring
Monitoring
Le Spesse, EgaNass springs
Hourly monitoring
• Discharge Q(t)
• Temperature T(t)
• Electrical Conductivity EC(t)
cuy
cuy

1
N

N h

1
N

N

ut

u yt

h

y

h

ut

u yt

h

y

0,1,2,.., N 1

h

t 1

1, 2,.., N 1

t 1 h

ruy h

cuy h
cuu 0 c yy 0

CROSS CORRELATION
Confidence interval
Standardized values

Cross correlation

Confidence interval
Standardized values

Cross correlation

Confidence interval
V.E.S.P.A. index

• Vulnerability Estimation for Spring Protection Area

V=c( )
Correlation
Factor

Temperature
Factor

Discharge
Factor

GALLEANI L., VIGNA B., BANZATO C. & LO RUSSO S. (2011) - Validation of a Vulnerability Estimator for
Spring Protection Areas: the VESPA index. Journal of Hydrology, 396, 233-245
Correlation Factor
c(ρ) = correlation factor

c(ρ) = *u(-ρ) + 0.5u(ρ)+ |ρ|
1
N

N

xi x yi y

i 1
ρ = correlation coefficient
x y
between Q e EC related to one year of hourly
monitoring

u(ρ) = unit step function u

1

0

0

0
Temperature Factor
Tmax = year maximum temperature
Tmin = year minimum temperature

Tmax Tmin
1C

2

Discharge Factor
Qmax= year maximum discharge
Qmin = year minimum discharge
Qm = year average discharge

Qm ax Qm in
Qm
Spring type
• Our result is (ρ) = -0.1
 type C (homogenization)
Spring type and
prevailing phenomena
Type A — Replacement
Type B — Piston
Type C —
Homogenization

Correlation coefficient
( )

1
0.2

0.2
1

0.2

0.2

V.E.S.P.A. index

β=2
γ = 2.8
c(ρ) = 0.1
VESPA index of V= 0.83
Le Spesse spring = medium

Vulnerability
Very high
High

Medium
Low

VESPA index
Conceptual model of
Le Spesse spring was based on:

- A significantly positive correlation at lag 1 rain vs Q,  most
important response in discharge (output) occurs beginning 1 day after a
rainfall event (input)
- During the warm season, the temperature of spring water is colder
than that in the cold season the water discharged is in equilibrium
with the reservoir temperature instead of with the atmospheric
temperature
- Increases in discharge are associated with decreases in EC
discharge increase is essentially due to the local infiltration rather than
infiltration in the true (larger) recharge area
- Correlation coefficient in the VESPA index  type C
“Homogenization”  low level of karstification of aquifer and a
misleading karst response due to local infiltration
- isotopic results show a “seasonal isotopic inversion” i.e. that during
summer the spring discharge mainly water infiltrated during the
previous winter

Conceptual model
Slow circulation of the deep reservoir and the high increases in
discharge are due to the local infiltration rather than infiltration in the
true (larger) recharge area
The composition of the spring waters  combination of water from
both the fissured/porous and karstic circulation
Karst is not well developed and its channels are of lesser hydrodynamical
relevance than the fissured/porous part of the reservoir
Thank you for
your attention

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9oct 2 fabbri-hydrogeological spring

  • 1. October 8 – 10 HYDROGEOLOGICAL SPRING CHARACTERIZATION IN THE VAJONT AREA founded by GEORISK project - University of Padova Paolo FABBRI (*)(**), Mirta ORTOMBINA (*), Leonardo PICCININI (*) Dario ZAMPIERI (*) & Luca ZINI (***) (*) University of Padova, Department of Geosciences, Padova, Italy (**) Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) (***) University of Trieste, Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, Trieste, Italy
  • 2. Plan of the talk 1. Hydrogeological situation of principal springs in Vajont area 2. Isotopic analysis 3. Le Spesse spring hydrogeological analysis 4. V.E.S.P.A. index 5. Le Spesse spring conceptual model
  • 5. Le Spesse and Ega Nass springs
  • 8. Monitoring Le Spesse, EgaNass springs Hourly monitoring • Discharge Q(t) • Temperature T(t) • Electrical Conductivity EC(t) cuy cuy 1 N N h 1 N N ut u yt h y h ut u yt h y 0,1,2,.., N 1 h t 1 1, 2,.., N 1 t 1 h ruy h cuy h cuu 0 c yy 0 CROSS CORRELATION
  • 12. V.E.S.P.A. index • Vulnerability Estimation for Spring Protection Area V=c( ) Correlation Factor Temperature Factor Discharge Factor GALLEANI L., VIGNA B., BANZATO C. & LO RUSSO S. (2011) - Validation of a Vulnerability Estimator for Spring Protection Areas: the VESPA index. Journal of Hydrology, 396, 233-245
  • 13. Correlation Factor c(ρ) = correlation factor c(ρ) = *u(-ρ) + 0.5u(ρ)+ |ρ| 1 N N xi x yi y i 1 ρ = correlation coefficient x y between Q e EC related to one year of hourly monitoring u(ρ) = unit step function u 1 0 0 0
  • 14. Temperature Factor Tmax = year maximum temperature Tmin = year minimum temperature Tmax Tmin 1C 2 Discharge Factor Qmax= year maximum discharge Qmin = year minimum discharge Qm = year average discharge Qm ax Qm in Qm
  • 15. Spring type • Our result is (ρ) = -0.1  type C (homogenization) Spring type and prevailing phenomena Type A — Replacement Type B — Piston Type C — Homogenization Correlation coefficient ( ) 1 0.2 0.2 1 0.2 0.2 V.E.S.P.A. index β=2 γ = 2.8 c(ρ) = 0.1 VESPA index of V= 0.83 Le Spesse spring = medium Vulnerability Very high High Medium Low VESPA index
  • 16. Conceptual model of Le Spesse spring was based on: - A significantly positive correlation at lag 1 rain vs Q,  most important response in discharge (output) occurs beginning 1 day after a rainfall event (input) - During the warm season, the temperature of spring water is colder than that in the cold season the water discharged is in equilibrium with the reservoir temperature instead of with the atmospheric temperature - Increases in discharge are associated with decreases in EC discharge increase is essentially due to the local infiltration rather than infiltration in the true (larger) recharge area - Correlation coefficient in the VESPA index  type C “Homogenization”  low level of karstification of aquifer and a misleading karst response due to local infiltration
  • 17. - isotopic results show a “seasonal isotopic inversion” i.e. that during summer the spring discharge mainly water infiltrated during the previous winter Conceptual model Slow circulation of the deep reservoir and the high increases in discharge are due to the local infiltration rather than infiltration in the true (larger) recharge area The composition of the spring waters  combination of water from both the fissured/porous and karstic circulation Karst is not well developed and its channels are of lesser hydrodynamical relevance than the fissured/porous part of the reservoir
  • 18. Thank you for your attention