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3-Tier Architecture
and PHP Scripting




                  1
3(+1) Tier architecture
voice
            DHTML

touch        Browser       HTTP                   SQL
          (IE, FireFox,             PHP script              Database
             Opera)
                                  Web Server               Database
vision                    HTML    (Apache, IIS)   tables
                                                            Server
            Desktop
          (PC or MAC)




         Presentation             Application              Persistence
         Layer                    Layer                    Layer




                                                  2
voice
           DHTML

touch       Browser          HTTP                   SQL
         (IE, FireFox,               PHP script                Database
            Opera)
                                    Web Server                 Database
vision                      HTML    (Apache, IIS)   tables
                                                                Server
           Desktop
         (PC or MAC)



                                    Conceptual               Conceptual
               Conceptual


                                      Logical                  Logical
                  Logical


                                      Physical                Physical
                 Physical
                                                    3
Dynamic Web page needed
             when:
• consistent look and feel on each page of a
  large site is required
• data is derived from a database
• content depends on real time
• content depend on user choice
• business transactions e.g. e-commerce…



                                 4
3-tier architecture
• A Presentation layer using Browser
  technology

• An Application layer using a web
  application server platform + application
  programs

• A Persistence layer using a relational
  database or other data store technology
                                  5
Presentation layer                             arch


• Decoding URLs : protocol/host/file
     – Host name converted to IP address(164.11.8.19)
     – www.dnsstuff.com
•   Issue request to remote server using appropriate protocol (usually
    HTTP)
•   accept the returned HTML (or JPEG, ..) file
•   Issue requests for any embedded links (<img src=red.gif/>
•   render (i.e. create a 2-d image ) the HTML
•   allow plug-ins to handle new file types
•   execute client-side scripts in JavaScript
•   support interaction between client-side scripts and the web page
    (DHTML)
•   accept user input via a variety of controls on a form


                                                      6
Persistence layer arch
• interaction with the database using standard languages
  e.g. SQL queries using database-specific protocol over
  TCP/IP
• define and modify the data structures (e.g. tables)
  themselves ( the Database Schema)
• insert, update and delete data
• maintain data persistently, with backup and recovery
• handle transactions to support concurrent access to the
  database via locking et
• optimise access by compilation of queries, indexing,
  replication of tables etc.


                                           7
Application Layer arch
• Server (Apache, IIS)
   – Identifying appropriate action to take – fetch a file, pass request to an
     interpreter
   – Sending output back to caller in MIME package
   – Support for:
       • thousands of concurrent users
       • multi-threading [ allow multiple processes to run concurrently]
       • caching [holding results in a temporary store to reduce re-calculation]


• Server Script (e.g. in PHP)
   – Interacting with the server (accessing input and generating output)
   – interpreting the requests according to business rules and past
     transactions from this client
   – requesting the appropriate data from the Persistence layer
   – computing derived data
   – creating the HTML (or GIF, MIDI..) for the page

                                                                 8
PHP
Created by Rasmus Lerdorf (born Greenland, educated in
  Canada)

PHP originally abbreviation for ‘Personal Home Pages’,
  now ‘PHP Hypertext Processor’

Other key developers: Zeev Surashi and Andi Gutmans
  (Israel)

Wikipedia entry

PHP version 5.1 current at UWE

                                            9
Scripting languages
• A scripting language is:
  – often evolved not designed
  – cross-platform since interpreter is easy to port
  – designed to support a specific task – PHP -> Web
    support
  – un-typed variables (but values are typed)
  – implicit variable declaration
  – implicit type conversion
  – stored only as script files
  – compiled on demand
  – may run on the server (PHP) or the client (JavaScript)

                                           10
PHP details
• Procedural language
   – Compare with JavaScript which is event-driven
• C-like syntax - { } ;
• Extensive Function Library
• Good Web-server integration
   – Script embedded in HTML
   – Easy access to form data and output of HTML pages
• Not fully object-oriented
   – Java is fully object oriented – all functions have to be
     in a class
   – In PHP, classes are additional but quite simple to use

                                              11
PHP and HTML
• HTML-embedded
 – PHP scripts are essentially HTML pages with
   the occasional section of PHP script.
 – PHP script is enclosed in the tag pair:
   •   <h2><?php print date(“H:I”) ?></h2>




                                       12
C-like language
•   Free format - white space is ignored
•   Statements are terminated by semi-colon ;
•   Statements grouped by { … }
•   Comments begin with // or a set of comments /* */
•   Assignment is ‘=’: $a=6
•   Relational operators are ,< , > == ( not a single equal)
•   Control structures include if (cond) {..} else { }, while (cond) { .. } ,
    for(sstartcond; increment; endcond) { }
•   Arrays are accessed with [ ] : $x[4] is the 5th element of the array
    $x – indexes start at 0
•   Associative Arrays (hash array in Perl, dictionary in Java) are
    accessed in the same way: $y[“fred”]
•   Functions are called with the name followed by arguments in a fixed
    order enclosed in ( ) : substr(“fred”,0,2)
•   Case sensitive - $fred is a different variable to $FRED

                                                           13
Function library
• Basic tasks
   –   String Handling
   –   Mathematics – random numbers, trig functions..
   –   Regular Expressions
   –   Date and time handling
   –   File Input and Output
• And more specific functions for-
   – Database interaction –
        • MySQL, Oracle, Postgres, Sybase, MSSQL ..
   –   Encryption
   –   Text translation
   –   Spell-checking
   –   Image creation
   –   XML

                                                      14
String Handling
• String literals (constants) enclosed in double quotes “ ”
  or single quotes ‘ ’
• Within “”, variables are replaced by their value: – called
  variable interpolation. “My name is $name, I think”
• Within single quoted strings, interpolation doesn’t occur
• Strings are concatenated (joined end to end) with the
  dot operator “key”.”board” == “keyboard”
• Standard functions exist: strlen(), substr() etc
• Values of other types can be easily converted to and
  from strings – numbers implicitly converted to strings in a
  string context.
• Regular expressions be used for complex pattern
  matching.

                                              15
The basic Album Code
• To help you get started on the
  Coursework, I have supplied a very
  minimal working photo album.
• This illustrates such techniques as :
  – Creating a new member
  – Editing member details
  – Uploading a photo
  – Displaying a member’s photos

                                   16
Learning PHP
• Start with just the basics, installing a script
  to output an HTML page
• Understand how PHP supports interaction
  with the Browser or other clients
• Understand how PHP supports integration
  with databases – MySQL
• http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~cjwallac/php/
• http://www.zend.com/zend/art/index.php
                                     17
Resources
• Background
   – Wikipedia
• PHP site
   – PHP home
   – PHP Manual
• Tutorials
   – w3c.schools
   – Zend
   – PHP in CEMS
• Examples
   – Basics
   – Basic Album
   – Basic Calculator


                                    18

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6 3 tier architecture php

  • 2. 3(+1) Tier architecture voice DHTML touch Browser HTTP SQL (IE, FireFox, PHP script Database Opera) Web Server Database vision HTML (Apache, IIS) tables Server Desktop (PC or MAC) Presentation Application Persistence Layer Layer Layer 2
  • 3. voice DHTML touch Browser HTTP SQL (IE, FireFox, PHP script Database Opera) Web Server Database vision HTML (Apache, IIS) tables Server Desktop (PC or MAC) Conceptual Conceptual Conceptual Logical Logical Logical Physical Physical Physical 3
  • 4. Dynamic Web page needed when: • consistent look and feel on each page of a large site is required • data is derived from a database • content depends on real time • content depend on user choice • business transactions e.g. e-commerce… 4
  • 5. 3-tier architecture • A Presentation layer using Browser technology • An Application layer using a web application server platform + application programs • A Persistence layer using a relational database or other data store technology 5
  • 6. Presentation layer arch • Decoding URLs : protocol/host/file – Host name converted to IP address(164.11.8.19) – www.dnsstuff.com • Issue request to remote server using appropriate protocol (usually HTTP) • accept the returned HTML (or JPEG, ..) file • Issue requests for any embedded links (<img src=red.gif/> • render (i.e. create a 2-d image ) the HTML • allow plug-ins to handle new file types • execute client-side scripts in JavaScript • support interaction between client-side scripts and the web page (DHTML) • accept user input via a variety of controls on a form 6
  • 7. Persistence layer arch • interaction with the database using standard languages e.g. SQL queries using database-specific protocol over TCP/IP • define and modify the data structures (e.g. tables) themselves ( the Database Schema) • insert, update and delete data • maintain data persistently, with backup and recovery • handle transactions to support concurrent access to the database via locking et • optimise access by compilation of queries, indexing, replication of tables etc. 7
  • 8. Application Layer arch • Server (Apache, IIS) – Identifying appropriate action to take – fetch a file, pass request to an interpreter – Sending output back to caller in MIME package – Support for: • thousands of concurrent users • multi-threading [ allow multiple processes to run concurrently] • caching [holding results in a temporary store to reduce re-calculation] • Server Script (e.g. in PHP) – Interacting with the server (accessing input and generating output) – interpreting the requests according to business rules and past transactions from this client – requesting the appropriate data from the Persistence layer – computing derived data – creating the HTML (or GIF, MIDI..) for the page 8
  • 9. PHP Created by Rasmus Lerdorf (born Greenland, educated in Canada) PHP originally abbreviation for ‘Personal Home Pages’, now ‘PHP Hypertext Processor’ Other key developers: Zeev Surashi and Andi Gutmans (Israel) Wikipedia entry PHP version 5.1 current at UWE 9
  • 10. Scripting languages • A scripting language is: – often evolved not designed – cross-platform since interpreter is easy to port – designed to support a specific task – PHP -> Web support – un-typed variables (but values are typed) – implicit variable declaration – implicit type conversion – stored only as script files – compiled on demand – may run on the server (PHP) or the client (JavaScript) 10
  • 11. PHP details • Procedural language – Compare with JavaScript which is event-driven • C-like syntax - { } ; • Extensive Function Library • Good Web-server integration – Script embedded in HTML – Easy access to form data and output of HTML pages • Not fully object-oriented – Java is fully object oriented – all functions have to be in a class – In PHP, classes are additional but quite simple to use 11
  • 12. PHP and HTML • HTML-embedded – PHP scripts are essentially HTML pages with the occasional section of PHP script. – PHP script is enclosed in the tag pair: • <h2><?php print date(“H:I”) ?></h2> 12
  • 13. C-like language • Free format - white space is ignored • Statements are terminated by semi-colon ; • Statements grouped by { … } • Comments begin with // or a set of comments /* */ • Assignment is ‘=’: $a=6 • Relational operators are ,< , > == ( not a single equal) • Control structures include if (cond) {..} else { }, while (cond) { .. } , for(sstartcond; increment; endcond) { } • Arrays are accessed with [ ] : $x[4] is the 5th element of the array $x – indexes start at 0 • Associative Arrays (hash array in Perl, dictionary in Java) are accessed in the same way: $y[“fred”] • Functions are called with the name followed by arguments in a fixed order enclosed in ( ) : substr(“fred”,0,2) • Case sensitive - $fred is a different variable to $FRED 13
  • 14. Function library • Basic tasks – String Handling – Mathematics – random numbers, trig functions.. – Regular Expressions – Date and time handling – File Input and Output • And more specific functions for- – Database interaction – • MySQL, Oracle, Postgres, Sybase, MSSQL .. – Encryption – Text translation – Spell-checking – Image creation – XML 14
  • 15. String Handling • String literals (constants) enclosed in double quotes “ ” or single quotes ‘ ’ • Within “”, variables are replaced by their value: – called variable interpolation. “My name is $name, I think” • Within single quoted strings, interpolation doesn’t occur • Strings are concatenated (joined end to end) with the dot operator “key”.”board” == “keyboard” • Standard functions exist: strlen(), substr() etc • Values of other types can be easily converted to and from strings – numbers implicitly converted to strings in a string context. • Regular expressions be used for complex pattern matching. 15
  • 16. The basic Album Code • To help you get started on the Coursework, I have supplied a very minimal working photo album. • This illustrates such techniques as : – Creating a new member – Editing member details – Uploading a photo – Displaying a member’s photos 16
  • 17. Learning PHP • Start with just the basics, installing a script to output an HTML page • Understand how PHP supports interaction with the Browser or other clients • Understand how PHP supports integration with databases – MySQL • http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~cjwallac/php/ • http://www.zend.com/zend/art/index.php 17
  • 18. Resources • Background – Wikipedia • PHP site – PHP home – PHP Manual • Tutorials – w3c.schools – Zend – PHP in CEMS • Examples – Basics – Basic Album – Basic Calculator 18