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Grammar Book Ceci DeLuke
Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Table of Contents 3 – 10 Preterite 4 – Charts 5 – Trigger Words 6 – -car, -gar, -zar 7 – Spock 8 – Snake 9 – Snake-y 10 – Cucaracha 11 – 14 Imperfect 12 – Charts 13 – Trigger Words 14 – Irregulars 15 Preterite vs. Imperfect 16 Ser 17 Estar 18 Verbs like Gustar 19 Comparatives and Superlatives 20 Transition Words 21 – 24 Future 22 – Charts 23 – Irregulars 24 – Trigger Words 25 Por 26 Para 27 – 30 Conditional Tense 28 – When to use 29 – Charts 30 – Irregulars 31 – 35 Perfect Tense 32 – Present 33 – Present Chart 33 – Present Irregulars 34 – Past 35 – Subjunctive Perfect 36 Tan y Tanto 37 Impersonal “Se” 38 Saber vs. Conocer 39 – 49 Commands 50 - 56 Subjunctive 51 Subjunctive and Irregulars 52 Trigger Phrases 53 Impersonal Expressions 54 Expressions of Emotions 55 – 56 Conjunctions of Time 57 Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Preterite
Regular Preterite é		amos aste	asteis ó		aron í 		imos iste 	isteis ió		ieron
Trigger Words anoche	last night ayer	yesterday  esta tarde	this afternoon el otro día	the other day el mes pasado	last month
-car, -gar, -zar  Verbs that end in -car change c to quyo busqué Verb that end in –zar change z to c yo almorcé Verbs that end in –gar change g to gu yo jugué
SER/IR fui fui di DAR/VER fuiste diste fuiste Spock fue vi dio fue viste dimos fuimos fuimos vio dieron fueron fueron vimos vieron HACER hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron
Snake e  i venir, servir, pedir o  u dormir, morir Irregular preterite that changes in the third person
Snake-y o  y oir e  y leer, creer Irregular preterite that changes in the third person buy adding a ‘y’
Cucaracha andar		anduve estar		estuve poder		pude poner		puse querer		quise saber		supe tener		tuve -e-iste-o-imos-isteis-ieron venir		vine
Imperfect
Regular Imperfect aba	 	ábamos abas	abaisaba		aban ía íamosías íais ías ían
Trigger Words nunca	never	 todo el tiempo	all the time a veces	sometimes siempre	always frecuentemente	frequently
Irregulars SER IR VER
Preterite vs. Imperfect ,[object Object]
Expresses the beginning or end of a past action
Narrate a series of past actions
Used for specific events
A snap shot of the past
Ongoing past actions that have no definite ending or beginning
Expresses habitual past actions and events
Used for background information such as time, weather, location
Like a movie clip,[object Object]
Estar estoy	estamosestásestáisestá	están H – health E– emotions L– location P– present condition “ING” – -ar = ando              -er = iendo
Verbs like Gustar importar aburrir fascinar disgustar encantar quedar interesar faltar me	nos te	os le	les doler molestar
Comparatives más + adjective + que (more ____ than) menos + adjective + que (less ____ than) Superlatives el/la más + adjective + de ( the more ____ of) el/la menos + adjective + de (the least ____ of)
Transition Words pero    but mientras	    while también	also por lo tanto    therefore a pesar de	in spite of anuqueeven though sin embargo/no obstante		nevertheless
Future
Regular Future infinitive + é 	    infinitive + emos  infinitive + ás	    infinitive + és infinitive + ás	    infinitive + án
Irregulars tener	      tendr- hacer	        har- venir	vendr- decir	dir- poner	pondr- valer	valdr- salir	      saldr- haber	        habr- caber	       cabr- poder         podr- querer         querr- saber	     sabr-
Trigger Words el proximo ______ - día, año, semana, etc. mañana en (tres, cuarto, …) - días, años, semanas, etc.
Por passing through the cause of something general rather than specific location how long something last a means of transportation an exchange time and number doing something in place of or instead of someone else
Para to express the idea of a deadline  to express an opinion for whom something is done destination to contrast or compare the purpose for which something is done
Conditional  Tense
When to Use Possibility Probability Wonder “Would, could, must have or probably”
Regular Conditional ía		íamos ías		íais ía		ían
Irregulars tener	      tendr- hacer	        har- venir	vendr- decir	dir- poner	pondr- valer	valdr- salir	      saldr- haber	        habr- caber	       cabr- poder         podr- querer         querr- saber	     sabr-
Perfect Tense
Present Perfect When to Use ,[object Object]
 To indicate an action was completed recently
 When speaking about an action that was true in the past and still true in the present,[object Object]
Present Perfect Irregulars cubrir              cubierto abrir	      abierto hacer	           hecho escribir             escrito ir             ido decir	      dicho volver	         vuelto ver	       visto morir	          muerto poner	           puesto resolver             resuelto romper	             roto
Past Perfect Haber había	habíamos habías	habéis había 	habían
Subjunctive Perfect The present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the past. Haber haya		hayamos hayas	hayáis haya		hayan
Tan y Tanto tan + adjective (adverb) + como - example: Diana es tan bonita como Lily. tanto (-a, -os, -as) + noun + como - example: Tengo tanto dinero como Bella.
Impersonal“Se” Used to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb. When using the “se”, the verb is always in the usted and ustedes. The “se” can be used in all tenses.
Conocer vs. Saber to know people, places, or literature to know facts and information sé		sabemos sabes	      	 sabéis sabe	       	saben conozco	conocemos conoces	conocéis conoce	conocen
Mandatos
Formal Usted(es) Present yo form of the verb Drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite ending          - ar ‘e’          - er/ir  ‘a’ If it is plural, add an ‘n’ Example:          hablar --- hable(n)           comer --- coma(n)
Formal Usted(es) Irregular Tener – tengo – tenga(n) Venir – vengo – venga(n) Dar/Decir – dé(en)/diga(n) Ir – voy – vaya(n) Ser – sea(n) Hacer – hago– haga(n) Estar – estoy – esté(n) Saber –sepa(n)
Affirmative Tú Conjugate the verb into the tú form and drop the ‘s’ Examples:          hablar --- habla          comer --- come
Affirmative Tú Irregular Decir – di Hacer – haz Ir – ve Poner – pon Salir – sal Tener – ten Venir –ven
Negative Tú Present yo form of the verb Drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite tú ending Examples          hablar --- no hables          comer --- no comas
Negative Tú Irregular Tener – tengas Venir – vengas Decir – digas Ir – vayas Ser – sayas Hacer – hagas Estoy – estes Saber –sepas
DOP and IOP Placement The object pronouns are attached to the end of the command Example:          cómprelo If there is a direct object and an indirect object, the indirect object comes before the direct object. Example:          cómpremelo
DOP and IOP Placement In negative commands, the object pronouns come before the command Example:          No lo coma. If there is a direct object and an indirect object, the indirect object comes before the direct object. Example:          No me lo compre.

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Grammar Book

  • 2. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Table of Contents 3 – 10 Preterite 4 – Charts 5 – Trigger Words 6 – -car, -gar, -zar 7 – Spock 8 – Snake 9 – Snake-y 10 – Cucaracha 11 – 14 Imperfect 12 – Charts 13 – Trigger Words 14 – Irregulars 15 Preterite vs. Imperfect 16 Ser 17 Estar 18 Verbs like Gustar 19 Comparatives and Superlatives 20 Transition Words 21 – 24 Future 22 – Charts 23 – Irregulars 24 – Trigger Words 25 Por 26 Para 27 – 30 Conditional Tense 28 – When to use 29 – Charts 30 – Irregulars 31 – 35 Perfect Tense 32 – Present 33 – Present Chart 33 – Present Irregulars 34 – Past 35 – Subjunctive Perfect 36 Tan y Tanto 37 Impersonal “Se” 38 Saber vs. Conocer 39 – 49 Commands 50 - 56 Subjunctive 51 Subjunctive and Irregulars 52 Trigger Phrases 53 Impersonal Expressions 54 Expressions of Emotions 55 – 56 Conjunctions of Time 57 Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
  • 4. Regular Preterite é amos aste asteis ó aron í imos iste isteis ió ieron
  • 5. Trigger Words anoche last night ayer yesterday esta tarde this afternoon el otro día the other day el mes pasado last month
  • 6. -car, -gar, -zar Verbs that end in -car change c to quyo busqué Verb that end in –zar change z to c yo almorcé Verbs that end in –gar change g to gu yo jugué
  • 7. SER/IR fui fui di DAR/VER fuiste diste fuiste Spock fue vi dio fue viste dimos fuimos fuimos vio dieron fueron fueron vimos vieron HACER hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron
  • 8. Snake e  i venir, servir, pedir o  u dormir, morir Irregular preterite that changes in the third person
  • 9. Snake-y o  y oir e  y leer, creer Irregular preterite that changes in the third person buy adding a ‘y’
  • 10. Cucaracha andar anduve estar estuve poder pude poner puse querer quise saber supe tener tuve -e-iste-o-imos-isteis-ieron venir vine
  • 12. Regular Imperfect aba ábamos abas abaisaba aban ía íamosías íais ías ían
  • 13. Trigger Words nunca never todo el tiempo all the time a veces sometimes siempre always frecuentemente frequently
  • 15.
  • 16. Expresses the beginning or end of a past action
  • 17. Narrate a series of past actions
  • 19. A snap shot of the past
  • 20. Ongoing past actions that have no definite ending or beginning
  • 21. Expresses habitual past actions and events
  • 22. Used for background information such as time, weather, location
  • 23.
  • 24. Estar estoy estamosestásestáisestá están H – health E– emotions L– location P– present condition “ING” – -ar = ando -er = iendo
  • 25. Verbs like Gustar importar aburrir fascinar disgustar encantar quedar interesar faltar me nos te os le les doler molestar
  • 26. Comparatives más + adjective + que (more ____ than) menos + adjective + que (less ____ than) Superlatives el/la más + adjective + de ( the more ____ of) el/la menos + adjective + de (the least ____ of)
  • 27. Transition Words pero but mientras while también also por lo tanto therefore a pesar de in spite of anuqueeven though sin embargo/no obstante nevertheless
  • 29. Regular Future infinitive + é infinitive + emos infinitive + ás infinitive + és infinitive + ás infinitive + án
  • 30. Irregulars tener tendr- hacer har- venir vendr- decir dir- poner pondr- valer valdr- salir saldr- haber habr- caber cabr- poder podr- querer querr- saber sabr-
  • 31. Trigger Words el proximo ______ - día, año, semana, etc. mañana en (tres, cuarto, …) - días, años, semanas, etc.
  • 32. Por passing through the cause of something general rather than specific location how long something last a means of transportation an exchange time and number doing something in place of or instead of someone else
  • 33. Para to express the idea of a deadline to express an opinion for whom something is done destination to contrast or compare the purpose for which something is done
  • 35. When to Use Possibility Probability Wonder “Would, could, must have or probably”
  • 36. Regular Conditional ía íamos ías íais ía ían
  • 37. Irregulars tener tendr- hacer har- venir vendr- decir dir- poner pondr- valer valdr- salir saldr- haber habr- caber cabr- poder podr- querer querr- saber sabr-
  • 39.
  • 40. To indicate an action was completed recently
  • 41.
  • 42. Present Perfect Irregulars cubrir cubierto abrir abierto hacer hecho escribir escrito ir ido decir dicho volver vuelto ver visto morir muerto poner puesto resolver resuelto romper roto
  • 43. Past Perfect Haber había habíamos habías habéis había habían
  • 44. Subjunctive Perfect The present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the past. Haber haya hayamos hayas hayáis haya hayan
  • 45. Tan y Tanto tan + adjective (adverb) + como - example: Diana es tan bonita como Lily. tanto (-a, -os, -as) + noun + como - example: Tengo tanto dinero como Bella.
  • 46. Impersonal“Se” Used to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb. When using the “se”, the verb is always in the usted and ustedes. The “se” can be used in all tenses.
  • 47. Conocer vs. Saber to know people, places, or literature to know facts and information sé sabemos sabes sabéis sabe saben conozco conocemos conoces conocéis conoce conocen
  • 49. Formal Usted(es) Present yo form of the verb Drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite ending - ar ‘e’ - er/ir  ‘a’ If it is plural, add an ‘n’ Example: hablar --- hable(n) comer --- coma(n)
  • 50. Formal Usted(es) Irregular Tener – tengo – tenga(n) Venir – vengo – venga(n) Dar/Decir – dé(en)/diga(n) Ir – voy – vaya(n) Ser – sea(n) Hacer – hago– haga(n) Estar – estoy – esté(n) Saber –sepa(n)
  • 51. Affirmative Tú Conjugate the verb into the tú form and drop the ‘s’ Examples: hablar --- habla comer --- come
  • 52. Affirmative Tú Irregular Decir – di Hacer – haz Ir – ve Poner – pon Salir – sal Tener – ten Venir –ven
  • 53. Negative Tú Present yo form of the verb Drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite tú ending Examples hablar --- no hables comer --- no comas
  • 54. Negative Tú Irregular Tener – tengas Venir – vengas Decir – digas Ir – vayas Ser – sayas Hacer – hagas Estoy – estes Saber –sepas
  • 55. DOP and IOP Placement The object pronouns are attached to the end of the command Example: cómprelo If there is a direct object and an indirect object, the indirect object comes before the direct object. Example: cómpremelo
  • 56. DOP and IOP Placement In negative commands, the object pronouns come before the command Example: No lo coma. If there is a direct object and an indirect object, the indirect object comes before the direct object. Example: No me lo compre.
  • 57. Nosotros Present yo form of the verb Drop the ‘o’ and add the opposite nosotros ending Example: hablar --- hablemos comer --- comamos With reflexive verbs, you drop the final ‘s’ of the command and add the reflexive pronoun Example: levantemos --- nos levantemonos
  • 59. Present Subjunctive Attitudes, Uncertain, and Hypothetical Tener – tenga(n) Venir – venga(n) Dar – dé(en) Decir – diga(n) Ir – vaya(n) Ser – sea(n) Hacer – haga(n) Estar – esté(n) Saber –sepa(n) Present yo form of the verb Drop the ‘o’ Change to opposite vowel Example: Dudo que tenga un millón de dólares
  • 60. Trigger Phrases esperar que insistir en que querer que mandar que es aconsejable que pedir que prohibir que preferir que recomendar que rogar que sugerir que
  • 61. Impersonal Expressions Es bueno que… Es necesario que… Es malo que… Es mejor que… Es importante que… Es fácil que…
  • 62.
  • 63. fear
  • 65. pity
  • 66. surpriseSubordinate Clause - subjunctive When there is not a change of subject, use the infinitive alegarse sentir esperar es triste temer soprender ojalá que
  • 67. Conjunctions of Time take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. the subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future. despues de que luego que hasta que así que cuando en cuanto tan pronto como
  • 68. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns Singular MaleFemale este esta (this) ese esa (that) aquel aquella (that one over there) Plural MaleFemale estos estas (these) esos esas (those) aquellos aquellas (that one over there)