Res poly unit i (1)ppt

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
(22033)POLYTECHNIC SYLLABUS
Unit I (1/3)
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY
- C. Coomarasamy
Formerly Professor, JRPC, Trichy
(2012-2013)

UNIT I (1/3) -FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY
 Introduction to Energy-Energy consumption and standard
of living-classification of energy resources-consumption
trend of primary energy resources
 -importance of renewable energy sources-energy chain-
common forms of energy-advantages and disadvantages of
conventional energy sources-salient features of
nonconventional energy sources-environmental aspects of
energy
 -energy for sustainable development-energy density of
various fuels-availability of resources and future trends.
 Energy scenario in India – Overall production and
consumption-Availability of primary energy resources:
 Conventional, Non-Conventional-Estimated potential and
achievement-Growth of energy sector and its planning in
India –
 Energy conservation: Meaning and importance.
2

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY
Energy
strength, might, force, power, activity, intensity, stamina, exertion, forc
efulness, liveliness, life, drive, fire, spirit, determination, pep, go
(informal), zip
(informal), vitality, animation, vigour, verve, zest, resilience, welly
(slang), get-up-and-go (informal), élan, brio, vivacity, vim (slang)
power- Oil shortages have brought an energy crisis.
French énergie,
from Late Latin energa,
from Greek energeia,
from energos, active :
en-, in, at;
en + ergon, work;
werg- in Indo-European roots.
3

 In
physics,
energy (Ancient Greek:
ἐνέργεια energeia "activity, operation”) is an
indirectly observed quantity that is often understood as the
ability of a physical system to do work on other physical
systems.
 Since work is defined as a force acting through a distance
(a length of
space),
energy is always equivalent to the ability to exert pulls or
pushes against the basic forces of
nature, along a path of a certain length.
 The total energy contained in an object is identified with its
mass, and energy (like mass), cannot be created or destroyed.
When matter (ordinary material particles) is changed into
energy (such as energy of motion, or into
radiation), the mass of the system 4

 However, there may be
mechanistic limits as to how much of the
matter in an object may be changed into other types of
energy and thus into
work, on other systems.
 Energy, like mass, is a scalar physical quantity.
 In the International System of Units
(SI), energy is measured in
joules, but in many
fields other units, such as kilowatt-
hours and
kilocalories, are customary.
 All of these units translate
to units of work, which is always defined in terms of
forces and the
distances that the
forces act through.
Force:
push or pull
exerted by an object
on another 5

 Energy makes change.
 It does things for us.
 The work output depends on the energy input.
 It moves cars along the road and boats over the water.
 It bakes a cake in the oven and keeps ice frozen in the freezer.
 It plays our favorite songs on the radio and lights our homes.
 Energy makes our bodies grow and allows our minds to
think.
 Scientists define energy as the ability to do work.
 The capacity to do work depends on the amount of energy one
can control and utilize.
 Energy is the
most basic structure input required for the
economic growth and
development of a country
6

Energy is the primary and most
universal measure of all kinds work by
human beings and nature.
Before 200 years ago, people were essentially
dependent on manual and animal labour.
Near the end of the 18th century,-James Watt-
steam engine -coal's power as a prime mover was unleashed.
1769-steam pumps
1800-output of 20 kW
1700 and 1800s-an agricultural revolution and industrialization-farm
implements, nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides and farm tractors
Steam ships (1807) steam locomotives (1804)
1885 Karl Benz invented the car
In 1903 the Wright Brothers' Flyer
7

Michael Faraday first proved the feasibility of converting mechanical
energy into electrical energy in 1831.
The industrial revolution began in the
United Kingdom, and then subsequently spread throughout
Western Europe, North America, Japan, and
eventually the rest of the world.
Later in 18 th century the
introduction of electrical machines along with the
commercial availability of electrical power started the
new electrical age.
All this led to an increase of energy requirement by leaps and
bounds.
Today’s World Has Challenging Energy Requirements.
Energy has been the life-blood for continual progress of human
civilization
Thus with an increase in the living standard of human
beings, the energy consumption also accelerated. 8

1.2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND STANDARD OF
LIVING
Energy is an
important input of all sectors of any
country’s economy.
The standard of living of a given
country can be
directly related to
energy consumption.
Energy crisis is due to two reasons. They are,
(i) The population of the world has
increased rapidly, and
(ii) The standard of living of human being has
increased.
The energy required for
human activities can be
classified into the
following major areas or sectors.
9

LIVING
. Energy required Sectors
Industry
sector
Agriculture
sector
Transportation
sector
Domestic Sector
Houses & Offices
Better comfort at
home, due to the
use of various
appliances
Better transport
facilities
More agricultural
activities
More industrial
production
Consumption of more energy in a country indicates more activities in these sectors
All these make better quality of life
Therefore the per capita energy consumption of a country is an index of
the standard
of living or prosperity (i.e., income) of the people of that country 10

LIVING
POWER SAVED IS POWER PRODUCED 11

LIVING
.
Energy use per capita
Primary energy use (before transformation to other end-use fuels)
in kilograms of oil equivalent, per capita.
Just to give you an idea about how India compares with other economies in energy
consumption – Indian used 510 kg of energy compared to
U.S.A, which consumes 7,778 kg of energy per capita.
The World average of energy consumption is close to 1818 kg.
12

LIVING
1
Total annual energy
consumption of the world
11 x 10
*13
kWh/year
2 Country U.S.A India
3 Energy consumed by 22 % of
energy
2.6% of
energy
4 % of World’s Population 6 % 17 %
5 Present annual per capita
electrical energy
consumption
13000 kWh 400 kWh
This mismatch reflects the negative differential in the
quality of life of the Indian people.
13

LIVING
Developing countries at present export primary products such
as food, coffee, tea, jute, ores etc.,
This does not give them the
full value of their resources.
To get better value, the
primary products should be
processed to products for export.
This needs energy.
The per capita energy in
developed countries remains
much more than in the
developing countries.
If the standard of living in the
developing countries is improved, and approaches that of the
developed countries, the
energy requirement will be
much more than the estimation.
14

LIVING
ENERGY AS AN OBSTACLE TO IMPROVED LIVING
STANDARDS
Chief characteristic of poverty:
basic human needs – food, shelter, health care, education, and livelihoods –
remain unfulfilled .
The real determinant of poverty is the level of services that
energy provides.
The poor use energy very inefficiently:
the technologies available are inefficient
inadequate inanimate energy
Main assumption:
Poverty and scarcity of energy services go hand in hand,
and exist in a synergistic relationship.
Goal: Increasing magnitude of energy consumption
Improving the efficiency of energy utilization.
15

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
.
Energy Resources
Based on
usability
Based on
Traditional
use
Based on
Long term
availability
Based on
Commercial
application
Based on
origin
Primary
Inter-
Mediate
Secondary
Conventional
Non-
Conventional
Non-
Renewable
Renewable
Commercial
Non-
commercial
Fossil
Nuclear
Hydro
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Geo-
thermal
wave
Ocean
thermal
Ocean
wave 16

1. Based on Usability of Energy
(a) Primary Resources:
These are resources embodied in nature prior to undergoing
any human made conversions or
transformations.
Examples: coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind, running rivers
(hydro),vegetation, uranium, etc.
These resources are generally available in
raw forms and are
located, explored, extracted, processed and are
converted to
a form as required by the consumer.
Thus, some energy is
spent in making the resource available to a user in a usable
form.
17

(b) Intermediate Resources:
These are obtained from primary energy by one or more
steps of transformation.
Some forms of energy may be
categorized both in intermediate as well as
secondary resources,
e.g., electricity and hydrogen.
(c) Secondary Resources:
The form of energy which is
finally supplied to a
consumer for
utilization is known as
secondary or usable energy, e.g.,
electrical energy,
thermal energy (in the form of steam or hot water),
chemical energy (in the form of hydrogen or fossil fuels), etc.
18

2. Based on Traditional Use
(a) Conventional
Energy resources which are
being traditionally used for
many decades are called
conventional energy resources,
e.g., fossil fuels, nuclear and hydro resources.
(b) Non-conventional
Energy resources which are
being produced continuously in nature and are
in exhaustible are called
renewable sources of energy (or)
non- conventional energy.
e.g., Solar, wind, biomass, bio gas, wave, tidal,
ocean thermal, etc.,
19

3. Based on Long-term Availability
(a) Non-renewable
Resources which are
finite and
do not get replenished after
their consumption are called
non-renewable,
e.g., fossil fuels, uranium, etc.
(b) Renewable
Resources which are
renewed by nature again and again and
their supply is
not affected by the rate of their consumption are called
renewable,
e.g.,solar, wind, biomass, ocean (thermal, tidal and wave),
geothermal, hydro, etc.
20

4. Based on Commercial Application
(a) Commercial Energy Resource
The secondary usable energy forms such as
electricity, petrol, diesel, gas, etc., are
essential for
commercial activities and are
categorized as commercial energy resources.
(b) Non-commercial Energy
The energy derived from nature and used directly
without passing through a commercial outlet is called
a non-commercial resource,
e.g., wood, animal dung cake, crop residue, etc.
21

5. Based on Origin
(a) Fossil fuels energy
(b) Nuclear energy
(c) Hydro energy
(d) Solar energy
(e) Wind energy
(f ) Biomass energy
(g) Geothermal energy
(h) Tidal energy
(i) Ocean thermal energy
(j) Ocean wave energy
22

1.4 CONSUMPTION TREND OF PRIMARY ENERGY
RESOURCES
 The average percentage consumption trend of
various primary energy resources of the
world is indicated in Fig. 1.1, though the
trend differs from country to country.
 Looking at this figure, the
heavy dependence on
fossil fuels stands out clearly.
 About 86% of the
world’s energy supply comes
mainly from fossil fuels.
 The share of fossil fuels is more than
90% in India. Fig. 1.2.
23

1.4 CONSUMPTION TREND OF PRIMARY
ENERGY RESOURCES
.
In 2006, the world consumed 10.8 billion tonnes (79.7 billion barrels) in oil
Equivalent energy, comprised of 36 % oil, 24 % natural gas,
28 %, 6 % nuclear and 6 % hydro electric energy.
Fig. 1.1 Consumption trend of various primary energy resources
of the world 24

1.4 CONSUMPTION TREND OF PRIMARY
ENERGY RESOURCES
.
Fig.1.2.The image shows the energy consumption pattern of India. 25

1.5 IMPORTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
Ever-increasing use of
fossil fuels and
rapid depletion of
natural resources have led to
development of
alternative sources of energy which are
renewable and
environment friendly.
The following points may be mentioned in this connection:
1. The demand of energy is
increasing by leaps and bounds due to
rapid industrialization and
population growth, and hence the
conventional sources of energy will not be sufficient to
meet the growing demand.
26

SOURCES
2. Conventional sources (except hydro) are non-renewable
and are bound to finish up one day.
3. Conventional sources (fossil fuels, nuclear) also cause
pollution; thereby their use degrades the environment.
4. Large hydro resources affect wildlife, cause
deforestation and pose various social problems due to
construction of big dams.
5. In addition to supplying energy, fossil fuels are also
used extensively as feed stock materials for the
manufacture of organic chemicals.
6. As reserve deplete, the need for using fossil fuels
exclusively for such purposes may become greater.
Due to these reasons it has become important to explore
and develop non-conventional energy resources to
reduce too much dependence on conventional
resources.
27

SOURCES
Realizing the
importance of non-conventional energy sources,
in 1981, the Government of India established a
Commission for Additional Sources of Energy(CASE) in the
Department of Science and Technology.
In 1982, Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
(DNES) under the
Ministry of Energy was
created.
In 1987, Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
Ltd., (IREDA) was
established.
In 1992, DNES was later
converted to
Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources.
28

1.6 ENERGY CHAIN
Generally, (but not always) we
cannot use the energy available from
primary energy sources directly.
For example we cannot drive an electric motor from
uranium or coal.
The energy available from a primary energy source is known
as raw energy.
This energy undergoes various forms of transformations before
being utilized finally.
The sequence of energy transformations between primary
and secondary energy (usable energy) is known as energy
chain or energy route.
Primary
energy
Electrical
energy
Transmission
Transported
Processing
Processing
Secondary
Energy(Fuel)
Primary
energy
consumer
consumer
29

1.6 ENERGY CHAIN
.
Primary
Energy
Resources
Electric
Route
Non- electric
Route
Final energy
Consumption
The block diagram of energy chain is shown in the fig.
At present about 30 t0 40% world’s energy supply is met
through electrical energy route
.
30

1.6 ENERGY CHAIN
Energy Chain- from extraction to combustion
31

1.7 COMMON FORMS OF ENERGY
1. Mechanical Energy is the sum of
potential energy and kinetic energy present in the components
of a mechanical system.
It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object.
It is required for movement of objects, changing the shape
of the objects, and so on.
It is used in
transportation, agriculture, handling, processing, and other
industrial processes. 36

.
Mechanical energy can be either
kinetic energy (energy of motion) or potential energy (stored energy of
position)
Potential Energy
An object can store energy as the result of its position.
For example, the heavy ball of a demolition machine
is storing energy when it is held at an elevated position.
This stored energy of position is referred to as potential
energy. Similarly, a drawn bow is able to store energy
as the result of its position.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
An object that has motion - whether it is vertical or
horizontal motion – has kinetic energy.
There are many forms of kinetic energy –
vibrational (the energy due to vibrational motion),
rotational (the energy due to rotational motion),
and translational (the energy due to motion from
one location to another).
37

2. Electrical Energy:
can refer to several closely related things. It can mean:
 The energy stored in an electric field.
 The potential energy of a charged particle in an electric field.
 The energy provided by electricity
Electrical energy - energy made available by the flow of electric
charge through a conductor; e.g.,
“ built a car that runs on electricity"
Electrical energy is considered to be the top-grade form of
energy.
I t is used universally as a vehicle of energy.
About 30–40% energy distribution in the world is met through
electrical supply systems at present.
It can be very conveniently and efficiently converted to other
forms of energy.
38

3. Thermal Energy
is the part of the total internal energy of a
thermodynamic system or
sample of matter that results in the
system temperature.
This quantity may be
difficult to determine or even meaningless
unless the system has
attained its temperature only through heating, and
not been subjected to work input or output, or
any other energy-changing processes.
i.e.,It is used
to raise the temperature of an object during
industrial processes.
It can
also be converted to mechanical energy with the help of
heat engines.
There are three grades of thermal energy:
41

(a) High Grade (500–1000 C and higher)
- can be
converted efficiently into
mechanical energy.
(b) Medium Grade (150–500 C)
- can be
converted into
mechanical energy with
difficulty.
(c) Low Grade (80–150 C)
- cannot be
converted efficiently into
mechanical energy and is
used mostly for
heating purposes.
42

- heat of
energy flow is a
flow of energy from an
object at a
higher temperature to an
object at a
lower temperature.
- thermal energy is the
total random
kinetic energy of
particles in an object.
44

Production of electricity from
thermal energy
45

4. Chemical Energy:
- is the potential of a chemical substance to
undergo a transformation through
a chemical reaction or, to transform other chemical
substances.
- Breaking or making of
chemical bonds involves energy, which may be either absorbed
or evolved from a chemical system.
- Energy that can be released (or absorbed) because of a
reaction between a set of chemical substances is equal to the
difference between the
energy content of the products and the reactants.
Fuels and organic matter contain chemical energy.
Exothermic chemical reactions release heat energy.
Also, chemical energy is directly converted into
electrical energy in fuel cells,
storage batteries, etc., and into
thermal energy by combustion. 47

The energy held in the covalent bonds between atoms in a
molecule is called chemical energy.
Every bond has a certain amount of energy.
To break the bond requires energy –
in chemical language it is called endothermic.
These broken bonds then join together to create new molecules,
and in the process release heat -- chemists call this exothermic.
If the total heat given out is more than the heat taken in then the
whole reaction is called exothermic, and the chemicals get hot.
The burning of methane in oxygen is an example of this.
48

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