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Learning style presentation for pedagogy first
- 1. Learning theories and online learning Claire Major, 2013
- 3. Learning is a process.
- 4. The process of learning leads to change.
- 5. A change to what?
- 6. It depends….
- 8. Learning changes an individual.
- 9. Psychological theories of learning.
- 10. • Behaviorism • Cognitivism • Constructivism
- 11. Behaviorism
- 12. Learning is a change to behavior.
- 14. Skinner and Pavlov Classical conditioning
- 18. http://animalbehaviour.net/OperantCondition ing.htm
- 20. http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514272463/ html/x533.html
- 25. Cognitivistm
- 26. Learning is a change to the way that the brain processes.
- 30. Atkinson; Shiffrin Information processing theory
- 33. Digitalbob8 CC
- 36. Duplication of knowledge constructs of knower
- 37. Existing schemata and prior experiences
- 38. Constructivsm
- 39. Learning is a process in which the learner constructs or builds new ideas or concepts.
- 40. Learning is a personal endeavor.
- 43. http://www.rugusavay.com/jean-piaget- quotes/
- 49. Constructing new knowledge (e.g. a new internal reality)
- 50. Experience of an individual acting and engaging with others
- 52. Cool theories!
- 53. But some people…
- 54. THINK
- 55. New ideas
- 56. • Sociology • Anthropology • Philosophy • Education
- 58. Learning is a change in connections, whether social, relational, or technological.
- 59. Learning does not belong to an individual
- 60. Hutchings, Perry Distributed learning theory (distributed cognition)
- 61. Famous social/relational learning theorists include
- 62. Classical cognition vs. distributed cognition http://mindmaps.wikispaces.com/dcog
- 63. Lave; Wenger; Seely Brown Situated learning theory (situated cognitition)
- 65. Siemens; Downes Connectivism (a bit like connected cognition???)
- 66. Connected cognition: ttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/S0732312311000678
- 67. According to these theorists:
- 68. A group of individuals building a networked intelligence
- 69. Resources are shared within a community
- 70. Cultural context
- 71. Online learning?
- 72. http://www.usdla.org/html/journal/FEB02_Iss ue/article01.html
- 73. Knowledge resides amongst individuals and technologies.
- 74. interact with each other and with technology.
- 75. engage in joint activity and have shared tools.
- 76. Employ social interactions with technology.
- 77. think and learn with objects and tools.
- 78. They construct a common language and shared understanding.
- 79. construct a network of both human and non-human actors/
- 80. Active agents
- 81. Is it important?
- 84. Ask:
- 85. Who am I?
- 86. What do I believe?
- 87. What is the role of technology?
- 89. Create better learning environments and activities.
- 91. The point.
- 92. NOTES:
- 93. Forthcoming
- 94. Suggestions?
- 95. Permalink:http://clairemajor.net/ 2013/04/19/learning-theories- and-online-learning/
Notas do Editor
- I’m Claire Major, and may talk today is about learning theories and online learning.
- Central to this talk is the following question: What is learning?
- Many scholars agree that learning is a process
- They also agree that the result of the process of learning leads to some kind of change
- The underlying question then is this:What kind of change does learning cause?
- The answer depends upon whom you ask.
- There are many different theories of learning, that attempt to describe what learning is, how it happens, and what change results.
- Some of these theories describe learning as a change that happens within an individual’s mind.
- These theories tend to come from the field of psychology, and there are three main psychological theories of learning…..
- Behaviorism is the earliest of these theories
- Famous behaviorists include
- Skinner and Pavlov, with their ideas about classical conditioning.
- Think about Skinner’s rats…
- And Pavlov’s dog.
- Thorndike is another famous behaviorists, with his notion of operant conditioning.
- Think Thorndike’s cat in the puzzle box
- Bandura is sometimes thought of as a bahaviorist, although he represents a bridge to cognitivist learning theory….
- Particiularly with his conception of personal determinants, which include an individuals knowledge, prior experiences, and attitudes.
- According to behavorists…
- Acquiring knowledge through experience is the goal of learning is the goal of learning.
- Stimulus and response is the mechanism for learning
- Rewards and punishmentsare factors that influence learning.
- Cognitivism is another pscyhological theory of learning
- Cognitivists hold that learning is a relatively permanent change in a learner’s schemata or in the way the brain processes.
- Famous cognitivists include
- Wrtheimer, with his notion of Gestalt psychology
- Which holds that the brian is holistic, with self organizing principles, such as multistabliity in which ambiguous images pop back and forth in our perception.
- Atkinson and Shiffrin and their ideas about information processing
- Which suggest that the mind works like a computer, as information is temporarily held in short term memory before moving to long term memory.
- And Anderson, with his notion of schema theory is another famous cognitivist.
- Which canbe described as a mental structure or a system for organizing and perceiving new information.
- Cognitivists believe that
- Changing mental processes (e.g. problem-solving) is the goal of learning.
- Duplication of knowledge constructs of knower who organizes information for the learner is how learning occurs.
- Existing schemata and prior experiences are factors that influence learning.
- The thirdpschological theory of learning is constructivism.
- Constructivists believe that learning is a process in which the learner constructs or builds new ideas or concepts based upon current and past knowledge.
- Learning is a personal endeavor, whereby internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may consequently be applied in a practical real-world context.
- Famous constructovists include
- Piaget, with his notion of congnitive constructivism
- Who says that knowing reality means constructing systems of transofrmations that correspond, more or less adequately, to reality
- Vygotsky, with his notion of social constructivism
- Wy says that through others, we become ourselves
- Pappert who extended Vygotsky’s notion to a new form, which he called social constructionism.
- Papert says that the role of the teacher is to create conditions for invention rathern than provide ready-made knowledge.
- Constructivists believe that
- Constructing new knowledge (e.g. a new internal reality) is the goal of learning.
- Experience of an individual acting and engaging with others is how learning occurs.
- Prior experiences are the key factors that influence learning.
- These theories are interesting, and they have good evidence to support their efficacy.
- Are starting to think about learning a bit differently…this shift is in part enabled because of technology
- Thus a new camp of learning theories and theorists has developed…
- Are coming from a range of fields, including sociology, anthropology, philosophy, education
- These are at times called social learning theories, at times called realtional learning theories, and occasionally called contextual learning theoreis.
- They set forth a view of learning that holds that all learning is a change in connections to other people and tools.
- Learning, then, does not belong to an individual but to many, evidenced through the conversations amongst individuals.
- Hutchings and Perry and their ideas about distributed learning theory
- Which suggest that learning exists outside of the mind and resides with people and tools
- Lave and Wenger and Seely brown and their ideas about situated learning theory
- Which suggests that learning is contextually bound.
- And Siemens and Downs and tehir notion of Connectivism
- Which isuggests that learning is represented in nodes and ties between indivdiuals and artifacts.
- According to social relational theorists:
- A group of individuals building a networked intelligence is a goal of learning.
- Resources are shared within a community, in which members interact with each other and with technological tools is the way in which learning happens.
- Is a factor that Influences learning.
- We can create online courses from an individualists perspective, developing them to support behaviorial, cognitive or social constructivist perspectives.
- online learning can also support a social relational view of learning
- In an online course, knowledge resides amongst individuals and their technological objects and tools
- In online courses, students interact with each other and with technology.
- Online, students engage in joint activity and have shared tools.
- Their interactions with technology are by nature social ones.
- Students use their objects and tools and they think and learn with them
- They construct a common language and shared understanding while they are simultaneously engaged in the pursuit of individual and collective objectives.
- STudents learn as they construct a network of both human and non-human actors, including technical tools.
- Thus they are active agents in a socio-cultural and socio-technological environment.
- Why is any of this important?
- Because our beliefs about learning drive our pedagogical decisions and ultimately our teaching acts…
- Whether they do so on a conscious or subconscious level.
- We should ask ourselves the following questions:
- Who am I theoretically speaking? What is my stance on learning?Am IA behavorists?A cognitivistA constructivist?
- Can reside outside the mind of an individual?
- Technological tools and artifacts in the process of learning?
- Being aware of our stances toward learning can help us make better, more informed decisions.
- Being more aware of what we see as the goal and process of learning can help us to create better learning environments and activities.
- Being aware of and owning our stances can help us help students learn.
- That is, after all, the point.
- I plan to use an extended version of this information in a book that I’m currently writing…
- Please comment if you have suggestions for improving this content!
- The permalink to this presentation is at clairemajor.net